structure

started work on the face

finished with face and background 2/11/25

                When Barbara McClintock was a child, her parents named her Eleanor. They believed Eleanor was a feminine and gentle name for a daughter. As she grew older her parents realized that she had a no nonsense and direct personality. They later began calling her Barbara as they believed it suited her personality better. Barbara McClintock stayed true to her beliefs and achieved many things throughout her life.

I find Barbara McClintock fascinating because she overcame the adversity of being one of few women in her career field. In 1923, only twenty-three women graduated with degrees related to science, and she was one of them. Barbara McClintock had a successful career in cytogenetics; the study of chromosomes and their structure/function. Similarly to her, I am interested in biology and genetics. I believe that it is incredible that DNA contains all the genetic information for an organism. McClintock was skilled in her field and if she believed something was right, she fought for it (Ricketts). Her standing up for what she believes in is admirable and a good quality to have when facing adversity. When her coworker Randolph used methods that were inefficient McClintock made her own way that was faster (Parr). McClintock was ingenious to come up with a way that was better than the more common and frequently used strategy. In conclusion, I find McClintock interesting and inspiring because of her skill, standing up for her beliefs, and her ingenuity.

Like many other female scientists, Barbara McClintock faced sexism in her male dominated career field. McClintock was denied a full professorship upon graduating, even though the head of her department had given her an endorsement (Windelspecht). The reason that she was denied a full professorship was due entirely to her gender, not a lack of skills. McClintock’s colleague, Lowell F. Randolf, accused her of disrespecting him because of her difference in opinion on how to solve certain problems. His name was also first on a paper discussing what McClintock had discovered (Parr). McClintock’s discovery concerned a rare corn plant, a triploid. When she went to the University of Missouri as an assistant professor for four years, she was prevented from achieving tenure because she was a woman (Windelspecht). Again, she was denied something she had earned only because of her gender. Despite the adversity she faced, she worked hard towards her goals. She earned a bachelor’s degree in science, a master’s degree in science, her PHD in science, and even a Nobel Prize.

                McClintock was important to her field of STEM because of her discovery of genetic transposition. She discovered this around 1947, when she was 45 years old. This discovery was also referred to as jumping genes. This discovery revolutionized the scientific understanding of genes and chromosomes (Windelspecht). Genetic transposition is the scientific explanation for the process of crossbreeding. This is important because it allows us to understand how traits between different species can be combined. The Nobel Committee said that this discovery was one of the two greatest discoveries in genetics, of our time (Windelspecht). This proves how important McClintock’s contributions to her field of STEM were. In conclusion, McClintock was a cytogeneticist that discovered genetic transposition and overcame the sexism she faced in her career field. She is inspiring because of her perseverance and her hardworking dedication.

Works Cited

Parr, Patrick. “Barbara McClintock (1902-1992): Fighting the Male Establishment.” TheHumanist.com, The Humanist, 21 Mar. 2016, thehumanist.com/features/articles/barbara-mcclintock-1902-1992-fighting-male-establishment.

Ricketts, Amandi. “10 Intriguing Facts about Barbara McClintock.” 10 Intriguing Facts About Barbara McClintock, Facts.net, 2 Dec. 2024, facts.net/history/people/10-intriguing-facts-about-barbara-mcclintock/.

Windelspecht, Devin. “Barbara McClintock: Discoverer of ‘Jumping Genes.’” Barbara McClintock: Discoverer of “Jumping Genes,” Ricochet Science, 25 June 2023, www.ricochetscience.com/articles/barbara-mcclintock-discoverer-of-jumping-genes.

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade ELA

2/18/2025

Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla was born July 10^th, 1856, in Croatia, according to Brittanica. Also, according to

 Britannica, He had a troubled childhood, he faced poverty, and hardship. He had four siblings, a

brother, and three sisters. His dad was a priest, and a writer, and the family struggled to make

enough money for him and his siblings. I picked Nikola Tesla because he had good discipline from

him working all day and night, which is relatable to me.

In his early years he attended a primary school in Smiljan, Croatia, (Tesla Universe). He

learned German, arithmetic, and religion while he was there. He attended the Technical

University at Graz in Austria and got his degree in electrical engineering. He was one of the

best students in his generation. And he was enrolled in a Higher Real Gymnasium in

Karlovac in 1870, and later graduated the University of Prague with his electrical

engineering degree.

Nikola Tesla was an advanced electrical engineer who had many amazing inventions.

According to Tesla Universe, these inventions included the remote control, the tesla coil,

tele force, three phase electrical power, and the tesla valve. The tesla coil being the best,

and most well-known of the six. It used electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray

generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and

the transmission of electrical energy without the use of wires. This tesla coil could also be

used in the medical field. Uses include electrotherapy, which can help the muscles, and

the increase of blood circulation. According to Tesla Universe, This is why Nikola Tesla was important, and a good

influence on the things we have today such as Televisions, medical devices, and the overall

advance in the electrical field.

Work cited

Hunt, Inez Whitaker. "Nikola Tesla". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Feb. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikola-Tesla. Accessed 19 February 2025.

 Bill Lawren

Omni - March 1st, 1988

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

Syliva Earle’s journey

I have chosen Sylvia Earle because when I was looking through a book to notation someone, I saw her name and it interested me. I decided to read about her, and her field of STEM. The more I read, the more I was impressed. I read about how she said, ‘The people in charge just couldn’t cope with the idea of men and women living together underwater.’ I think what she said was a good way of explaining how at times, women are looked down upon because of gender and the stereotypes about them and how they should ‘behave’ or act. Syliva’s accomplishments and her struggles are a reminder that you can do anything, no matter what others say or think of you. I think it’s important to draw attention to the fact that not only have men made amazing discoveries or accomplishments, but women have too.

Syliva Earle is a marine biologist, who has made many great achievements. But we all have our struggles, “When Sylvia was 13, the family moved to Clearwater, Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico. Soon, Sylvia was learning all she could about the wildlife of the Gulf and its coast. Her parents could not afford to send her to college themselves…but she was an exceptional student and won scholarships to Florida State University. Throughout her school years, she supported herself by working in college laboratories” (Academy of Achievement). This is an example of a struggle she faced, her social status. The quote explains how her parents couldn’t afford her collage, but she worked hard and won scholarships to Florida university. Sylvia used persistence to keep going, and overcome the problem with money, and potentially not being able to go to college. In an interview with Syliva by ‘Ocean graphic’, the interviewer asks Sylvia how she overcame the struggle of sexism. Syliva states that she had accepted that at times, she may be the only female in classes or journeys. She states that being willing to do more than what was expected of her, not asking for special favors, and helping others helped her be more accepted.

Sylvia’s accomplishments are important to her field of STEM. “…In 1970, Earle led an all-female team to the habitat where, for two weeks, they observed and photographed the marine life in the surrounding waters. When she and her team returned to the surface, they were celebrities. They were honored at the White House and received a parade in Chicago. Now in the spotlight, Earle became determined to share her passion for marine life with broad audiences and help the public understand the beauty and value of the oceans...”  (Women’s history museum). Syliva’s team was important to her field of STEM; marine biology, because they spent two weeks underwater, Observing and photographing the marine life. Women’s history museum states that in 1990, Syliva was appointed chief scientist of the National oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. She was the first women to hold that position. Throughout her career, Earle has given lectures in more than 80 countries and has led more than 100 marine expeditions. She has received many honorary degrees and more than 100 honors from around the world, some of the most notable awards have been given to her.

Works Cited

Academy of achievement, “Syliva Earle”, Academy of achievement, 1996-2025. Sylvia Earle, Ph.D. | Academy of Achievement

Women’s History museum, “Syliva Earle”, Women history museum, Syliva Earle Biography

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade ELA

19 February 2025

Daniel Hale Williams

I picked Daniel Hale Williams because one of my career choices is to become a surgeon. I want to be a surgeon because my mom always watches surgery related movies and shows. This made an imprint on me at a young age and now I want to become a surgeon. I look up to Daniel Hale Williams because he was a very successful surgeon. In the Daniel Hale Williams Biography by The Famous People, they mention that ever since the beginning of his practice, he was thought by many as very skilled and thoughtful. This is why I picked Daniel Hale Williams.

Daniel Hale Williams had to overcome a few challenges throughout his life. He struggled with racism and financial hardships. In the Daniel Hale Williams Biography by The Famous People, it says, “Daniel was born in Pennsylvania and was of mixed parentage. He was the fifth child in a working-class family that struggled to make ends meet.”  This shows that he had to deal with money problems and racism. However, he was able to overcome these setbacks and become a successful surgeon.

Daniel Hale Williams was very important for surgery for many reasons. For example, he opened the first interracial hospital in America and performed the first successful open-heart surgery. The Daniel Hale Williams Britannica article says: “Williams performed daring heart surgery on July 10, 1893. Although contemporary medical opinion disapproved of surgical treatment of heart wounds, Williams opened the patient’s thoracic cavity without aid of blood transfusions or modern anesthetics and antibiotics. During the surgery he examined the heart, sutured a wound of the pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart), and closed the chest. The patient lived at least 20 years following the surgery.”

It also says, “In response to the lack of opportunity for African Americans in the medical professions, he founded the country’s first interracial hospital, Provident.” This shows that Daniel Hale Williams was important to advancements in surgery.

Works Cited

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Daniel Hale Williams". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Hale-Williams. 

The Editors of The Famous People. “Daniel Hale Williams” The Famous People. 1 July 2024.

                https://www.thefamouspeople .com/profiles/daniel-hale-williams-12329.php

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade ELA

3 March 2025

Valerie Thomas Research Paper

I picked Valerie Thomas because she was listed as an astronomer in the book I found. I flipped through a lot of astronomers but none of them caught my attention. I looked them up and then I found one who worked for NASA which was Valerie Thomas. When I was younger, I really wanted to work a NASA. I wanted to be an astronaut and do research on the planets because they are so unique and interesting. I did a little more research on her and found she patented the Illusion Transmitter. The Illusion Transmitter is a way to transmit 3-D Images to look real.  That’s when I knew she was the person I wanted.

Valerie Thomas faced many challenges which were sexism and racism. In the “Valerie Thomas” article Britannica writes, “Thomas was interested in electronics, mathematics, and physics despite the fact that girls were not encouraged to study those subjects. Moreover, because she was an African American in a racially segregated society, she had fewer educational opportunities than white students.” These are challenges which are extremely hard to overcome. She is getting less education because she is African American and a girl. Despite that, she is still gone to work for NASA.

Valerie Thomas worked for NASA straight out of college. In the “Valerie Thomas” article Britannica writes, “…while working at the National Aeronautics and space administration (NASA), invented a way to transmit three-dimensional images, and holograms, that appear to be real. In addition, she helped to develop processing software to convert scientific data captured by satellites into information that scientists could use.” The first invention is the Illusion transmitter which is cool because I knew nothing about this person but what she invented is important. Then she also helped develop a software to capture satellites information to help scientist use the information. That’s extremely helpful because now we can know more about our solar system. This is why Valerie Thomas is important to her stem field because she help develop a software and invented the Illusion Transmitter.

Works cited

Biography.com Editors.  “Valerie L. Thomas Biography”. Biography.com, 3 April. 2014. https://www.biography.com/scientists/valerie-thomas

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Valerie Thomas". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Feb. 2025. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Valerie-Thomas.

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade ELA

2/13/25

Fred Begay

Fred Begay was a nuclear physicist that was not known well at all. I chose to write about Fred because he seemed interesting, and I would like to bring new light to somebody relatively unknown. Because of his field of STEM, he works with some things that have to do with nuclear subjects. Along with that, we have similar interests when it comes to fields of STEM. I think that anything in the nuclear field is interesting, so I felt that he would be a good person to research to find more about a nuclear field. A project that he worked on is the LANL (Los Almos Laser Program). The LANL proves that he worked on lasers, and I am interested in lasers and want to know how they work.

Fred Begay overcame many struggles in his life, such as the fact that he was Navajo. Because Fred was a Navajo, he was constantly being plucked in and out of reservations, schools, etc (NASA and Carlson Casper). He could barely speak English when he was in school and that must have made it tough to learn anything at all! The Navajo nation ended  up attending him into college at the University of New Mexico. Because of that, he was the first Navajo to get a PHD in physics according to Colorado State University.

Fred Begay was important to his field of STEM because of the projects that he worked on and the accomplishments he made. Because of his field of STEM, he worked with subatomic particles and helped with collecting greenhouse gasses. He was awarded with the National Science Foundation’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. A few projects that Fred worked on were the NASA High-Energy Gamma Ray Project and the LANL laser program. It was important that he worked on these projects because for one, the Gamma Ray Project would help scientists understand gamma ray bursts. With the LANL laser program, he worked on quantum dot technology to make lasers. If Fred wasn’t in the laser program, he might have never been able to work on the Gamma ray project because he would have less knowledge, and his help was crucial so if he didn’t help them the project may have failed, therefore he was important to his field of STEM.

Carlston Caspers | Fred Begay

https://sunearthday.nasa.gov/2005/na/bio_fred.htm

Ancient Observatories | Native American Connections | Biographies | Fred Begay

https://www.carlsoncaspers.com/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-spotlight/dr-fred-begay/

Colorado State University

https://rmamp.colostate.edu/people-of-color-in-stem-dr-fred-begay/

LANL

https://www.lanl.gov/media/news/1122-liquid-semiconductor-lasers

Instructor: Mrs. Bhandari

Class: 7^th grade ELA

Date: 14/2/2025

STEM Professional Lauren Esposito’s Life

Did you know that Lauren Esposito was the first openly queer curator? They also were the one who created 500 Queer Scientists, which now has almost 3,000 stories of queer people in the STEM community. In this essay, I will talk about why they mean so much to me, the adversities they overcame, and why they are so important to their STEM career. Let’s dive into why I personally find Lauren Esposito so inspiring. In about 2020, I discovered the LGBTQ community through a queer friend and through the internet. That is when I began becoming highly interested in learning about all the different and unique sexualities and genders one can be. Lauren Esposito truly inspires me because they were the first curator to be open about being queer. They are an arachnologist curator, and they mostly focus on scorpion DNA, scorpion venom, the studies of scorpions, etc. which is super cool because scorpions are incredibly unique creatures. Another one of the reasons they interest me is because my mom had worked at a job that was like Esposito’s job, except instead of dealing with scorpion DNA, she worked with human DNA (though she studied DNA differently). It truly proves that even if you’re queer, you can do whatever you’d like even if you want to work in a STEM field. Lastly, it’s insanely cool how Esposito dealt with the people who were homophobic to them, and not only continued their work despite others trying to bring them down, but also made a organization for other queer, STEM professionals to share their stories.

          Now that we’ve talked about how the inspiration inspired me, let’s turn the focus to the adversities they had to overcome. Lauren Esposito wrote their story on a California Academy of Sciences’ website, with the article name being “New Science: Lauren Esposito.” According to the article, when they went into college, they were told that they “would never get into medical school”, and they had left college wondering if someone made a horrible mistake, or played a cruel joke in admitting them to graduate school simply because they didn’t use the same pronouns as their classmates. Throughout their life, they would experience implicit biases, microaggressions, and gendered harassment. Esposito talks about how being queer in STEM is undeniably lonely, and how the visibility of LGBTQ+ lacks. Later in the article, they talk about how in 2018, they realized that they were the first openly queer curator in the history of their institution, and that they didn’t know any other LGBTQ+ people in their field of arachnology. That is when Esposito decided to shine light on LGBTQ+ STEM professionals, creating 500 Queer Scientists. 500 Queer Scientists is built on individual, self-submitted stories to raise the visibility of queer scientists. This shows how much of an icon Esposito is, because they overcame being discriminated for being queer, and made something to help other queer STEM people shine their beautiful light.

          Lastly, let’s talk about Lauren Esposito’s STEM life, and what they have done in their STEM career. According to “Scientist Spotlight: Lauren Esposito, by California Academy of Sciences, (not written by Lauren Esposito), in 2014, Esposito co-founded a science and nonprofit organization called ‘Islands and Oceans’. What they do, is they build an independent network of field stations where scientists, tourists, and locals can work together to conserve natural resources. Now let’s get into what Esposito researches on. Esposito is an arachnologist curator, and they mainly studies scorpions and scorpion venom. According to that same website (Scientist Spotlight: Lauren Esposito), “Esposito is studying the evolution of scorpion venom alongside the evolution of scorpions.” Which makes them unique among the variety of venom experts, who are usually toxicologists or biochemists studying scorpion venom. According to Esposito themself, there’s an evolution race between scorpions and nocturnal scorpion mice, where the mice have developed an immunity to the scorpion’s venom. Studying those types of relationships can help answer key questions about what role venom may have played in the evolution in not just that scorpion group, but others as well.

Works Cited

Esposito, Lauren. “New Science: Lauren Esposito” California Academy of Sciences. New Science: Lauren Esposito - California Academy of Sciences.

Esposito

“Scientist Spotlight Lauren Esposito” California Academy of Sciences. Scientist Spotlight: Lauren Esposito | California Academy of Sciences

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade ELA                                 

14 February 2025

Rick Kittles

I think Rick Kittles is interesting to me for many different reasons. One of the reasons is the fact that we were both born in the same state of Georgia in cities that are decently close to each other. Another reason I think Rick Kittles is interesting in his field of STEM. Rick Kittles does gene biology the main thing Rick Kittles looked for was melanin and why certain people have less, and others have more. A final reason is because I admire the fact that even through the hard times that he had, he kept trying to pursue his goals and I personally thought that was cool. These are just some reasons that I choose to have Rick Kittles as my Stem Sticker Project scientist.

The main challenge that Rick Kittles had to face during his childhood was racism. For example, Rick Kittles stated in an interview, "I was always the only black kid in class.” In a different interview he would say he was from Africa after other kids in his class asked him about it both interviews were found on (Encyclopedia). Rick Kittles never knew which country he was from in Africa so he would make up random words for instance in an interview he states, “I'm a Mandingo.” After his classmates asked what country in Africa he was from. He was always bothered by this as a child and wanted to figure out which country he actually was from.  Rick Kittles also lost somebody important to him to prostate cancer which made him determined to find ways to detect it and cure it. These were the main struggles that Rick Kittles faced as a child.

Rick Kittles is a gene biologist and mainly focuses on prostate cancer a common type of cancer which affects the prostate gland in men which can cause many problems like bone pain, weight loss, and fevers (The Lantern). Rick Kittles also researches melanin the chemical in your body that makes your skin lighter or darker. Rick Kittles was one of the early scientists to trace African Ancestry through the testing of DNA (Encyclopedia). Rick Kittles main concern on prostate cancer is how the genes and the environment increase the risk of prostate cancer. Kittles has also been a part of many cutting-edge developments including the progress of genetic markers and how an individual's ancestry can be used to help identify risk of disease and health outcomes. This is why Rick Kittles is important to his STEM field because of all his achievements and the adversities that he faced.

Works Cited

Folds Chauntelle, James M. Manheim, The Red Lantern, “https://www.thelantern.com/2004/05/doctor-uses-genes-to-unravel-african-past/” Encyclopedia

 “https//www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/kittles-rick.”

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th Grade ELA

12 February 2025

Jaime Escalante Research Paper

Jaime Escalante was a man from Bolivia who taught the unteachable. He was a calculus teacher at Garfield High School. He taught troubled kids at the low-income school. These kids were said to be unteachable by other teachers. Escalante tried his best to get these students to pass and, in the end, succeeded greatly. My interesting facts says He had to do weird jobs to survive. Escalante struggled to learn English as an immigrant to America in the 1960s.

Jaime Escalante interests me as an educator. He interests me because my favorite subject is math because I’m good at it. I also like him because, he has a movie about him and that’s just cool. According to Biography in the quick facts section of Jaime Escalante his story is best known from the 1988 film “Stand and Deliver”, which was a popular movie in its time. This evidence shows that he was in fact in a movie that is why he is best known. This shows why and how I’m interested in Jaime Escalante and his story.

Jaime Escalante faced some adversity in his life. He wasn’t very wealthy and had faced a struggle with socioeconomic status as well as the fact that he struggled with immigration. The author(s) of Biography state that he had to teach himself English and earn another college degree before he could teach. World's Interesting Facts says that Escalante had to do weird jobs for enough money. These show how he didn’t have much money and had to learn a different language and get another college degree to teach. That’s some adversity Escalante faced.

Escalante was important to his STEM field. He taught students that other teachers couldn’t and overall taught troubled highschoolers calculus and other math. According to Biography and The Famous People they say that he taught students that were dismissed as unteachable. The sources also say those very students took and passed the advanced placement test in calculus. These citations matter because it shows that Escalante helped teach many students who were said to be unteachable.  Those are the reasons Jaime Escalante is important to math and calculus.

In conclusion those are many reasons why Jaime Escalante is an important, interesting and prevailing person. He contributed a lot to his field of STEM.

Works cited

Biography. “Jaime Escalante” Biography, 2 April 2014. https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jaime-escalante

My interesting facts, “Jaime Escalante” My interesting facts, 16^th April 2014

https://www.myinterestingfacts.com/jaime-escalante-facts/#google_vignette

The Famous People.” Jaime Escalante” The Famous People, https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/jaime-escalante-5568.php

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade ELA

14 February 2025

STEM Scientist: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Did you know, Dr. Abdul Kalam made the first intermediate-range ballistic missile of India? Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is an inspiration to me as he went from poverty to an aerospace scientist, to being the President of India. According to Biography.com, the text states, “Kalam served as India’s president for one term from 2002 to 2007, and died of a heart attack on 27 July 2015.” He was born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram, a town in the state Tamil Nadu, which is in south India. I am from south India, which is one of the reasons he is an inspiration to me. Next, he was an aerospace scientist, and I was always interested  in aircraft and rockets/satellites, and how they work. He also came from an extremely poor background, and he went from poverty to being the president to India and getting the highest citizen’s honor awards. These awards honor him for being a major contributor to the research of many things, ranging from satellites to bombs. From highest to lowest, here are some of the awards he earned: Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, and the Padma Bhushan. All of those are awards which honor people who do noble things for their country. These make me think believe that anything is possible no matter what.

Next, the adversity that Dr. Abdul Kalam faced was that he was in poverty. Due to many bad financial decisions and overwhelming costs, he went into poverty. Much before he was born, his family were wealthy, however as time passed, the family lost their wealth and were in poverty. At the age of eight, Abdul Kalam had to deliver newspapers just to help support his family for food. He did this because his family was struggling to generate enough income, and he decided to help. He had to go to the train station every morning and after school to collect baches of newspapers, and doing so made him exhausted (Biography.com). His mother was worried for him. Despite being impoverished, Abdul Kalam persevered with his education and got a degree in aerospace engineering. This is shown by that in Biography.com, the text states that despite his modest beginnings, when his dad built and rented boats, he was a bright student who was seen to excel in science and mathematics. According to Britannica, in 1958, he joined and first worked in the Defense Research and Development Organization (the DRDO). Eleven years later, in 1969, he moved to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). In between the 2 periods, he worked on a few different projects, such as Projects Valiant and Devil, however those did not prove to be successful (Dataquest).

Finally, Dr. Abdul Kalam was important to his STEM discipline, as he follows science, technology, and engineering. Dr. Abdul Kalam was mostly a scientist. He planned and researched ideas for missiles while he was at the DRDO. Britannica states, “In 1998 he was one of the chief coordinators of the Pokhran-II series of nuclear tests, in which five bombs were detonated at a test range in the town of Pokhran, Rajasthan state, north India.” According to Biography.com, the text states, “Kalam implemented the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He then became the senior scientific advisor to India’s defense minister in 1992, a position he used to campaign for the development of nuclear tests.” For engineering,  he also worked on the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle both produced and designed in India, as project director. This is proven because in Biography.com, the text states, “After moving to the newly formed Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, he was named project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle designed and produced on Indian soil.” For technology, he designed many missiles while at the DRDO, one of them being the AGNI missile, India’s first intermediate-range ballistic missile. In conclusion, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is an inspiration because he was Indian, struggled with poverty yet became the president of India, and was important to being an aerospace scientist/engineer.

Works Cited

“A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Biography, History, Career, Books, Awards, & Facts” Britannica, 25 March 2004. https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-P-J-Abdul-Kalam

“A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Biography, Scientist, President of India” Biography.com, 28 November 2023. https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a45972597/apj-abdul-kalam

“Contribution of APJ Abdul Kalam to ISRO and DRDO” Dataquest, 15 October 2019.

https://www.dqindia.com/contribution-apj-abdul-kalam-isro-drdo/

7^th Grade ELA

14 February 2025

George Washington Carver research paper

I have chosen for the STEM sticker drawing is George Washington Carver.  He was one of a few African American scientists. I pick Carver because I thought it was cool how many inventions, he has made that people use to this day. Some of those items are peanut butter and shampoo. Carver adversity with racism because he was black and was enslaved when he was born. Something that was interesting was he didn’t really have a lot when he was growing up, and he made a lot of invitations.

George Washington Carver overcame several adversities to achieve his goals, including racism. George Washington Carver was born enslaved and in 1865, Carver was no longer a slave. He then went to Iowa State University for a little bit, then he moves to Alabama where he found a farm. According to the text, “Given that Carver was encountered in his studies in the United States with a graduate degree in agricultural science, [Booker T.] Washington aggressively pursued him for the all-Black faculty of the Iowa university ”[Britannica]. This evidence illustrates that Carver had overcome racism because a Carver Day was proclaimed, he went to school for education to own a farm, and with that he decided to own a farm and make inventions.

George Washington Carver is a figure in the STEM discipline, especially when he made innovations. Renowned for his innovative work with peanuts and crop rotation, Carver introduced methods that extrude the exhausted soil. With a deep understanding of botany and chemistry, Carver advocated for the planting of legumes like peanuts and sweet potatoes to restore nitrogen to soil depleted by cotton farming. “Analyzing the poor economic conditions faced by farmers, he creatively developed over 300 products from peanuts, including dyes, plastics, and gasoline, providing practical solutions that fostered economic growth” [BIOGRAPHY]. Recognized globally Carver's legacy continues to inspire modern scientists to pursue research that blend technological advancement with environmental stewardship. ADD SOURCE INFORMATION

(BIOGRAPHY)

Works Cited

Piccotti, Tyler. “George Washington Carver” Biography, 24 January 2024

Smith, Jo “George Washington Carver History” Biography, 2 February 2025

Ms. Bhandari

7^th grade ELA

14 February 2025

Barnum Brown, the Man Who Found the Tyrannosaurus Rex

Barnum Brown is a paleontologist who found the first Tyrannosaurus Rex (T-Rex) fossils in 1902. The reason I picked him is because my favorite dinosaur is the T-Rex. I love the T-Rex because it was my first memory of dinosaurs. Barnum Brown was one of the best paleontologists of his time. He was so successful, even having a nickname-Mr. Bone.

Barnum Brown grew up on a farm. He had six siblings and was the fourth child, he spent most of his childhood in the Great Depression. There was a lot of struggles in that time. In Riley Blacks articles it said, “And when he grew up, he became one of the greatest paleontologists in the world.” He still holds this title today, nearly 100 years later.

Barnum Brown wanted to become a paleontologist since he was 4. He started with a few digs until he found the T-Rex. The T-Rex would only start his career he found more dinosaurs. He retired at the age of 83 and after he retired, he had surgery. In Riley Blacks articles it says. “He had a great career as a paleontologist, and he died on 5^th February 1963.”

Works cited.

American museum of natural history Barnum Brown: The Man Who Discovered Tyrannosaurus rex

Black Riley. Barnum brown the man who discovered the T-Rex. Smithsonian. 11, May 2010

Barnum Brown: The Man Who Discovered Tyrannosaurus Rex | Smithsonian.

Mrs. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

14 February 2025

Satyendra Nath Bose

I find Satyendra Nath Bose interesting because I like physics. I am interested in learning how the universe works, and physics can show me that. In Nafeez Khan’s article it states, “Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist.” Famous Scientists says that he has made tremendous contributions to physics. These articles show that he is an impressive physicist. I find that interesting about him.

            He has overcome several adversities to reach his goal, including not getting credit for his discovery of the boson. Despite Bose’s discovery of the boson, he did not get most of the credit. Peter Higgs, another physicist, was awarded a Nobel Prize for the discovery (Khan). These show he has faced challenges in his life. Despite these challenges, he has continued to do amazing work.

            Satyendra Nath Bose is important to physics because of his discoveries and creations. Famous Scientists credits him with the creation of quantum statistics. As before stated, Nafeez Khan from Vedantu acknowledges him as the discoverer of the boson, which is one of the two main subatomic particles. These discoveries show that he has made improvements to the field of physics. This proves he is an important physicist.

Works Cited

Khan, Nafeez.  “Satyendra Nath Bose Biography - Education, Research, Career and Legacy”

Vedantu, 2025. https://www.vedantu.com/biography/satyendra-nath-bose.

The Doc. “S. N. Bose” Famous Scientists, 19 November 2016.

https://www.famousscientists.org/s-n-bose/.

  Lucy Jordan                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Mrs. Bhandari

  7^th    Grade ELA

14 February 2025                                                                                                    

Elizabeth Garret Anderson

Elizabeth Garret Anderson was the first women approved to practice medicine and found a hospital.  She was a feminist that promoted women being in the medical field.  She faced plenty of problems to achieve her goal.  I’ve been drawn to her because her part in women being in medicine field for her time.  As a young woman, I really have the admire of feminism, because I feel everyone has rights.  Anderson dedicated her life to promote women in science.  Ever since my childhood, I was told by my mother that I can do anything a boy can do, and in some cases even more.  For that to be the reality then we need women like Anderson to turn it into reality.  Elizabeth Garret Anderson was one of many women that was the backbone of women being able to do any medical STEM field they wanted to do.

Unfortunately, back then women had struggles to basically do anything except cook, and clean. Elizebeth was refused entry to multiple schools, just because of her gender. Most people in Andersons field were men. Most people didn’t believe in Anderson just because of her gender. Medicine was a very competitive field because it was a thing to help people. Medicine was taken very seriously, so since they thought women weren’t smart then only men were in that field.

Elizebeth had many accomplishments, like building a hospital. She went through many problems to get to this huge achievement. The text named “Elizabeth Garret Anderson Biography” states “Elizabeth Garret Andersons hospital is named “Elizabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital.” This Hospital was mainly for women’s health care. This was in the Mid-Victorian Era. As you can see Elizebeth Garret Anderson is a very important woman in society even today. She built a whole hospital just for woman’s health care. 

                                                                            Work cited

Britannica, Encyclopedia. “Elizabeth Garret Anderson Biography” Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-Garrett-Anderson

https://www.biographyonline.net/women/elizabeth-garrett-anderson-biography.html

Mrs. Bhandari 

Seventh graded ELA. 

14 February 2025 

STEM sticker project 

Jack Andraka research paper 

 Jack Andraka, I feel as if I could relate to him, nobody ever wants to believe me because of my age, I feel like they are trying to stop me from speaking out and telling my own truths because of how old I am. Jack Andraka, a young prodigy from Crownsville, Maryland, gained international recognition at the age of fifteen, when he invented a groundbreaking method to detect Pancreatic cancer. His journey began with a personal tragedy; the death of a close family friend from the disease, which inspired him to find a better way to diagnose it early, despite his youth. Andraka's determination led him to develop a sensor that could detect Pancreatic cancer in its first stages with remarkable accuracy and speed. His invention earned him the grand prize at the 2012 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, making him one of the few first-year students ever to achieve this feat. 

However, Andraka's path to success was not without challenges. As a high year student, he faced skepticism and criticism from the scientific community. Some experts questioned the feasibility and novelty of his method, pointing out that similar approaches had been explored before. Despite these doubts, Andraka remained undeterred, continuing to refine his invention and seek validation through rigorous testing and collaboration with professionals at Johns Hopkins University. His perseverance paid off when his sensor showed promising results in detecting mesothelin, a biomarker for pancreatic cancer; with high sensitivity and accuracy.  

Balancing his academic responsibilities with his passion for innovation was another hurdle Andraka had to overcome. As a high year student, he often found himself juggling schoolwork, extracurricular activities, and his studies. His dedication sometimes led to conflicts with teachers, such as when he was caught reading scientific papers during class or conducting experiments at home. Despite these obstacles, Andraka's commitment to his work never wavered, and he continued to pursue his goals with unwavering focus, and enthusiasm. His story serves as an inspiration to young scientists everywhere, proving that age is no barrier to making a significant impact on the world. 

Works cited. 

“Singularity” Miracle Whiz Kid Jack Andraka: The Internet Is Not A Distraction ,  12 January 2013 

https://www.singularityweblog.com/jack-andraka-on-singularity-1-on-1/ 

Andraka, Jack.  OFFCIAL SITE- JACK ANDRAKA,  

https://jackandraka.com 

Mrs. Bhandari

7^th grade ELA

18 February 2025

Max Planck

Max Planck has recently come to my knowledge as one of the greatest quantum physicists of the 20^th century, creating theories that pretty much jump started the entire field of quantum physics. I have just learned about him recently, when I started deep diving into this section of science, where I decided to start with learning about quanta, the smallest possible unit of energy that can physically exist. This concept was truly amazing to me, explaining so many things that happen in everyday life with accuracy that could not be achieved with the theories of classical physics. Of course, I was going to have to see who created this wonderful theory, which of course was Max Planck. Along with his amazing discoveries in the newly emerging field of quantum physics, he was also an excellent pianist who admired the works of Brahms and Schubert. This really drew me in, being a violinist who also loves the works of classical composers, such as Mahler, Sibelius, and Prokofiev.

From Universe Today’s article titled, “Who was Max Planck?,” Max Planck was born April 23, 1858, in Keil, Germany. He was the child of a professor of law at the University of Kiel. His family was known for their high education, with his father being a professor of law and his uncle a judge. He entered the renowned Maximilian Gymnasium at nine, where he became deeply interested in physics and mathematics. Being the very intelligent person he was, he graduated at the age of seventeen (Wiliams). Moreover, Britanica’s article on Max Planck reads, “He ultimately chose physics over classical philology or music because he had dispassionately reached the conclusion that it was in physics that his greatest originality lay” (Stuewer).

Continuing on, Brittanica’s article reads, Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874 but was not encouraged much by the professors there. He later attended the University of Berlin from 1877-1878, but was unimpressed with the lectures of professors there, despite them being prominent scientists. His independent studies however, really brought to focus his intellectual potential. He returned to Munich in 1879, receiving his doctoral degree at the young age of 21. In 1889, Planck received an appointment to the University of Berlin, where he came to admire Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. He stayed here for the rest of his active life, and in 1892, he became a full professor, where his lectures went on to have a great influence on future science.

As for some of Max Planck’s contributions to science, his theory about quanta is one of the most well-known. In 1870, Kirchhoff had defined a blackbody as theoretical object that is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. There was one thing about these blackbodies that just didn’t make sense at the time though, which arose when scientists attempted to create a curve of how much radiant energy is emitted at different frequencies for a certain temperature. The problem with this was that as frequencies approached zero, the amount of energy emitted would rise to infinity, which would allow for infinite energy to be generated, something which isn’t physically possible. Planck created a theory that describes energy as little packets called “quanta” to counter this problem, and Planck’s radiation law ended up being a viable solution to this conundrum (Stuewer). This was not the only contribution to science made by Max Planck though. From Universe today’s article, “In October 1878, he passed his qualifying exams and defended his dissertation in February of 1879 – titled ‘On the second law of thermodynamics’. In this work, he made the following statement, from which the modern Second Law of Thermodynamics is believed to be derived: ‘It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle, and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir’” (Williams).

Continuing on from Brittanica’s article, this concept of quanta however, conflicted with past theories, and Planck had to introduce it strictly by his logic. This theory ended up starting a whole new field of science, quantum physics. As the years went on, more and more discoveries were made. Einstein found that light could take the form of these tiny packets, he introduced wave-particle duality into physics, Niels Bohr created an updated model of the hydrogen atom, and many other discoveries that helped shape the field of quantum physics today.

Max Planck was not without his struggles and tragedies though. His first wife died after 22 years of marriage, his eldest son was killed in 1916, one of his daughters died in childbirth the following year, and the other one in 1919. Plus, living in the time of World War II, many of his family members and loved ones were killed in various events regarding the war. His house in Berlin was destroyed by a bombing in 1944. Moreover, his youngest son, Erwin, was involved in an assassination attempt on Hitler, and was killed in 1945 at the hands of the Gestapo, the Nazi political police. He died in 1947 at the age of 89, residing in Gottingen, Germany, with his second wife Marga von Hoesslin (Stuewer). In conclusion, Max Planck was a very influential and successful scientist who helped shape quantum physics to be what it is today.

Works Cited

Stuewer, Roger H.. "Max Planck". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jan. 2025, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Max-Planck.

Williams, Matt. “Who was Max Planck?” Universe Today, 17 January 1017. https://www.universetoday.com/85155/max-planck

In Eugenie’s later life, she was a research assistant at The Scripps Institution of Oceanography in LA, Jolla California from 1946 to 1947. She learned to scuba dive with gear that would predate the self-contained underwater breathing service. In 1947, the U.S. fish and wildlife service to study Philippine Sea life, but due to heritage concerns from her mother’s Japanese heritage, she was detained by the FBI and was unable to go. The official website of Britannica says:

“Clark was a research assistant at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, from 1946 to 1947. There she learned to dive with gear that predated the self-contained underwater breathing device developed by the U.S. military and later known as the scuba. In 1947 she was asked by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to study the sea life of the Philippines but was detained by the FBI because of concerns about her Japanese heritage and was ultimately unable to go.”

Moving on to her later life…

In 1955, Eugenie helped found the Cape Haze marine laboratory in Florida. In 1958, she researched shark behavior, eventually training lemon sharks and other species to complete an objective to get food. That research contradicted long-held assumptions that sharks weren’t very smart. Clark also became an advocate for the conservation of sharks and attempted to dispel public fear of the creatures. Britannica states that:

“In 1958 Clark undertook research on shark behavior, eventually training lemon sharks (and other species) to push a target in order to receive food. That research contradicted long-held assumptions that sharks lacked intelligence. Thereafter Clark, who also encountered sharks in the wild on her frequent dives, became an advocate for their conservation and attempted to dispel the public fear of the animals.”

She also was inducted into the Maryland Women’s Hall of Fame. Clark passed away in 2015. She would later have a commemorative U.S. Postal stamp in 2022. In conclusion, that is the life of Eugenie Clark, “The shark lady”, who was a pioneer for women scientists. I think she’s very interesting because I, too, like marine animals and fishing. I think that she is worth learning more about.

Ms. Bhandari

Language Arts 7

18 February 2025

Erwin Schrödinger

Erwin Schrödinger was a scientist that studied physics and made significant contributions to quantum mechanics. Erwin Schrödinger was born on 12, August 1887, and he died on 4, January 1961. He was most famous for the Schrödinger equation, which was used to govern the wave function. This equation led to him winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. Schrödinger also struggled a lot. At the time, World War II was in session. Schrödinger decided to leave Germany because of not believing in the ways of Hitler and fled to Italy in 1938.

 I found them interesting because of their experiment, “Schrödinger’s cat.” The Nobel prize biography on Schrödinger explains that this experiment involved a cat, a flask of poison, and a Geiger counter all inside a sealed box. If the Geiger counter detected even the slightest radioactivity, the flask would shatter, releasing the poison and killing the cat. The theory explains that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead, but if one looks in the box, they will see the cat alive or dead, and not both. This questions where the Quantum Superstition ends and starts. I was curious on this experiment, because it really showed the interesting aspect of when time ends and stops, and how this affects the beginning and end of different things.

In conclusion, Erwin Schrödinger was a very interesting and bright individual. His studies on quantum mechanics, reflect his clever thinking. His “Schrödinger’s cat” experiment is one of the most astonishing works in quantum mechanics. His wave equations won him a Nobel Prize, and even with his struggles in Germany at the time, he still got back up to finish his outstanding studies.

Works Cited

“Erwin Schrödinger Biographical” The Nobel Prize, 1965. Erwin Schrödinger – Biographical - NobelPrize.org.

“The Physics Behind Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox” National Geographic, 14 August 2013. The Physics Behind Schrödinger's Cat Paradox.

Tyler dinger.

7^th grade ela

14 February 2025

                                                       ELIJAH MCOY

Elijah McCoy was born on May 2, 1845, in Colchester, Ontario, Canada, to parents who had escaped slavery through the Underground Railroad. He moved with his family to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where his father established a tobacco business. From a young age, McCoy showed an exceptional interest in mechanical devices and machines. He was sent to Scotland at age 15 to apprentice as a mechanical engineer and later returned to the U.S., where he encountered racial discrimination that limited his job opportunities. Despite these challenges, he found work as an oiler and fireman at the Michigan Central Railroad. With all the steam engine there so he could find how to make a lubrication system.

 I find Elijah McCoy interesting because his “parents were slaves who escaped from Kentucky to Canada.” He was a mechanical engineer and had made something that people need we need engines and this man made a lubrication system for it and it got improved over the years. 

McCoy is best known for his revolutionary invention in steam lubrication. During his time at the railroad, he identified inefficiencies in the manual lubrication process for steam engines, which required trains to stop frequently to avoid overheating. In response, he invented an automatic lubricator that used steam pressure to distribute oil evenly to the engine’s moving parts while in motion, significantly enhancing the efficiency and safety of steam engines. He received a patent for this invention, known as the "Improvement in Lubricators for Steam-Engines," in 1872. This invention was so effective that it became widely known as the "Real McCoy," a testament to its reliability and superior performance. McCoy’s automatic lubricator was adopted not only by the railroad industry but also by other sectors, including shipping, mining, and drilling. Over his lifetime, McCoy obtained over 50 patents, most of which focused on lubrication systems. His work significantly contributed to the advancement of industrial machinery and transportation technology, leaving a lasting legacy in engineering and innovation.

At the age of 70, Elijah McCoy had made significant contributions to engineering and innovations. By this time, he had patented over 50 lubricating devices. Which were widely used in industries such as railroads and shipping. Despite facing racial discrimination and many other challenges like old age. Eilijah McCoy  Had made the first ever lubrication system to make engines last without stopping or breaking cause of the heat. “McCoy's invention allowed engines to be lubricated while they ran, saving precious time and money.” Add in-text citations to your 2^nd and 3^rd paragraphs.

                                                                                Work cited

 https://www.invent.org/inductees/elijah-mccoy “parents were slaves who escaped from Kentucky to Canada.”

https://www.invent.org/inductees/elijah-m

Charles Turner was interesting because when I started Googling about him and I learned more and more. I learned he does some good things. Charles Turner was interesting because when he was little, he did not have that much, and he grew up poor. When he was in college, he was being bullied the whole time because he was African American. Charles Turner was interesting to me because he grew up very poor. Charles Turner knew when he was little that he wanted to be a scientist, and he wanted to be one of the first African American scientist.

Charles Turner overcame being one of the African American kids that got bullied for what he wanted to do when he got older. He wanted to grow up to learn science and prove to all the other’s that he could become a African American scientist.  He knew he was not like the others, and he had to work harder for what he wanted. When Charles Turner was a kid, he had to go through a lot bullying while his mother worked a lot. When Charles Turner was a kid, he was called a lot of names. Charles Turner did not have a good childhood. Charles Henry Turner.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. When he got older, Turner worked on science and tried to learn as much as he could. He was important to Entomology because he was a person that loved it and knew all about it and he dedicated his whole life to it. Charles Turner’s favorite thing was Entomology because he studied it as a kid a lot and even bought things to study it. As a kid he always wanted to learn more and more about science, especially Entomology. Entomology Deals with over 1.3 million described insect species. Contributes to agriculture, conservation, and medical research. Includes study of insect anatomy, physiology, life cycles, and ecosystem roles.  Turner was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Chicago, and the first person to discover that insects can hear and alter behavior based on previous experience (Brittanica, 2025). Charles Turner was important because he succeeded in being the biggest African American Entomologist.