• insights on management started as the President of NJ Bell Telephone Company

• stressed the importance of monetary and nonmonetary work incentives to secure greater work performance

• Classical theory - assumes worker cooperation is a function of money and negative reinforcement (i.e. wage reductions, punishment)

• notes that workers are motivated by their complex needs addressed by fostering cooperation and loyalty to the organization and goals

Simon:

• bounded rationality - people's limits on thinking make it impossible to consider decision-making alternatives and information that goes with it

  • decision-makers are limited to a few courses of action and choose the one that is most satisfactory

• believes that classical management principles that are widely accepted are just "proverbs" and not grounded in research

  • changes in management must be tested by experimental control to clearly see the effects and make adequate changes

• fact-value dichotomy - management science inquiry be concerned with only the facts

• affords scholars and practitioners an enhanced understanding of PA's most productive and efficient practices that replaces "proverbs" with tested and experimented truth

• "Tried-and-true" motive towards Public Administration

 Demonstrating the critical role of social and psychological factors like feeling valued and group dynamics in influencing worker productivity and morale, shifting management focus from only physical conditions to human relations.

The study embraces a more contemporary (open systems) perspective, focusing more on human and social aspects

- His most famous contribution POSDCORB:

• Planning

• Organizing

• Staffing

• Directing

• Coordinating

• Reporting

• Budgeting

- Classical framework

- Focused on internal structure, roles, and procedures

- Does not consider outside external environment

James Mooney

- Focused on principles of organization

- Classical Framework

- Emphasizes structure, hierarchy, authority

- work like a machine

-follow chain of command

Max Weber was a German sociologist and educator who developed a model of bureaucracy. In his book Economy and Society (1922, translated to English in 1978), Weber described bureaucracies as highly structured organizations with centralized authority and clear hierarchical roles.

Key features of Weberian bureaucracy:

1. Hierarchical structure: Authority is clearly defined and flows from the top down.

2. Impersonal rules: Decisions and communications are formalized and not based on personal relationships.

3. Written documentation: All actions and decisions are recorded to maintain accountability.

4. Technical expertise and training: Positions are filled based on skill and merit, not personal connections.

5. Division of labor: Responsibilities are allocated according to competence to maximize efficiency.

6. Merit-based appointments: Promotions and hiring are based on qualifications rather than favoritism.

In closing, Mr. Weber viewed bureaucracy as a machine-like system designed for efficiency, where hierarchy, rules, and expertise combine to ensure predictable and effective organizational output. His ideas influenced both corporate and governmental structures.

09/10/25

Frederick Taylor is known as the “Father of Scientific Management” because of his major contributions to administrative and organizational thought. His work laid much of the foundation for what became the classical school of management. His major contribution was the development of scientific management, which emphasized efficiency, standardization, and managerial control. He embraced classical closed-system views, treating organizations as machines to be optimized, rather than adopting open-system perspectives that recognize environmental and social influences.

They viewed organizations as open systems, meaning they are constantly interacting with and shaped by their environments. Their work demonstrated that survival and effectiveness depend on an organization’s ability to adjust to external uncertainty and complexity (Scott & Davis, 2016).