https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6 Memory and Cognition en-us 2016-11-21 16:19:31 UTC 2025-12-23 10:28:59 UTC hello@padlet.com reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139145243 Sensory Memory Storage:
Purpose: sensory info
Duration: 1/2 seconds for visual, 2-4 seconds for auditory
Capacity: large
Short Term (STM):
Purpose: perceptions for analysis
Duration: 30 seconds without rehearsal
Capacity: 5-9 items
Long Term (LTM):
Purpose: permanent storage
Duration: permanent
Capacity: unlimited]]> 2016-11-21 16:30:42 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139145243 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139151456 memory - the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
encoding - the processing of information into the memory system: for example, by extracting meaning
storage - the process of retaining encoded information over time
retrieval - the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing - the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
sensory memory - the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory - activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
long-term memory - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory - a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory 
explicit memory - memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory)
effortful processing - encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing - unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
implicit memory - retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)
iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory - a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically 
mnemonics - memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect - the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice 
testing effect - enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
shallow processing - encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing - encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention]]> 2016-11-21 16:50:44 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139151456 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139402455 I can understand long term memory terms.
STM, also called working memory or primary memory, is much more than just a passive, temporary holding area.

]]> 2016-11-22 16:21:58 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/139402455 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140227377 Explicit: Memory with conscious recall
Semantic - facts and general knowledge (bananas are yellow)
Episodic - personal experiences and events (high school graduation)
Implicit: memory without conscious recall
Procedural - motor skills and habits (drive a car)
Classically Conditioned - conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (phobias)
Priming - earlier exposure facilitates retrieval (heightened fears after reading a scary novel)]]> 2016-11-28 16:10:31 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140227377 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140551796 Quiz tomorrow
Sensory memory
STM
LTM
Info-processing model
Forgetting
Seven Tips for Memory Improvement:
1. Pay attention and reduce interference
2. Use rehearsal techniques
3. Organization
4. Counteract serial position effect
5. Time management
6. Employ self-monitoring and overlearning
7. Use mnemonic devices (method of loci, peg-word, acrostics, acronyms)
P - Proactive
O - Old
R - Retroactive
N - New
Retrieval Failure:
Tip of the tongue phenomenon (seldom used words)
Decay
Proactive
LTM Interferences:
Reconstruction - LTM changes over time, eye-witness testimony, not reliable, Elizabeth Loftus
Schema - mental script, use the past
Cues
Recognition - You can choose the answer
Recall - Have to find answer on your own
Serial position effect - president's example
Mood congruent memory - if you're happy... :)
Phonemes - Smallest units of language, letters and their sounds, change phoneme, change meaning, CAT c - a - t or b - a - t
Morphemes - smallest units that have meaning, A, I, pre, ed, un
Benjamin Worf:
Linguistic Relativity - Language determines the way we think
Snow and Eskimos
BF Skinner:
Language is learned through association and reinforcement (praise for speaking)
Chomsky:
Learn and speak language used in the environment




]]> 2016-11-29 16:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140551796 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140869961 anterograde amnesia - an inability to form new memories
reterograde amnesia - an inability to retrieve form one's past
proactive interference - the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference - the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
repression - in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
misinformation effect - incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
source amnesia - attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
deja vu - that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience]]> 2016-11-30 16:36:36 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/140869961 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/141424243 I can apply definitions from yesterday what really is cognition.

Cognition is when someone gains and perceives knowledge or information.]]> 2016-12-02 16:10:34 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/141424243 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593620 hippocampus - a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
flashbulb memory - a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event 
long-term potentiation (LTP) - an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
recall - a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recognition - a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
relearning - a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
priming - the activation, often unconsciously; of particular associations in memory
mood-congruent memory - the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
serial position effect - our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list]]> 2016-12-08 16:13:03 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593620 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593647 cognition - all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept - a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype - a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
creativity - the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
convergent thinking - narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking - expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).]]> 2016-12-08 16:13:07 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593647 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593669 algorithm - a methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error prone- use of heuristics
heuristic - a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
insight - a sudden realization of a problem's solution contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation bias - a tendency to search for information that supports
our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
mental set - a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
intuition - an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling of thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
representativeness heuristic - judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
availability heuristic - estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
overconfidence - the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
belief perseverance - clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing - the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments 
   ]]> 2016-12-08 16:13:11 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593669 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593702 language - our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme - in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit 
morpheme - in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
grammar - in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
babbling stage - beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one-word stage - the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage - beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
telegraphic speech - early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
aphasia - impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
Broca's area - controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke's area - controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe
linguistic determination - Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think]]> 2016-12-08 16:13:16 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142593702 reesegor7625 https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142594177 I can discuss superior autobiographical memory]]> 2016-12-08 16:14:24 UTC https://padlet.com/reesegor7625/c4ztzz5rfmp6/wish/142594177