VERB PATTERNS pag.184 

1. Usiamo la -ing form di un verbo: 

 

2. Usiamo to+base form di un verbo: 

 

Due tipi di verbi con cui si può usare sua la -ing form sia to+base form di un verbo: 

The birds began singing= The birds began to sing. 

 

2. Verbi in cui le due strutture hanno significati diversi. 

I don’t like declining invitations.(in general) 

I don’t like to decline the invitation to tonight’s dinner. 

 

She went on to become a famous chef. 

She went on talking for hours. 

We stopped to have lunch. / Richard stopped (watching tv in order) to study. 

Sam was in the courtyard. /When she saw the teacher she stopped smoking. / Richard stopped watching tv when his mum opened the door. 

 

Remember to buy the milk on your way home./ Remember to call my mum. 

I remember visiting this place when I was a kid. / I remember listening this song when I was a child. 

I forgot to save what I have written. 

I’ll never forget meeting Zac Efron in Venice. 

I refused to inform you that your iPad get broken. 

I regret not accepting this invitation. 

 

He tried to help me 

USED TO,BE/GET USED TO pag.186 

When I was seven I used to watch cartoon on tv. 

I’m used to watching tv in the afternoon.(Sono abituata a guardare la tv al pomeriggio) 

Could, may and might show that a speaker is 50% or less certain that an action is in progress.

Couldn’t and can’t show that the speaker believes strongly that a situation is not taking place. For example:

It’s noon. George went to bed at 10:00 last night. He can’t still be sleeping!

May not and might not convey the idea that a speaker is 50% or less certain that an action is not possible or probable. They are not normally used in their contracted forms.

Ex:They aren’t here yet and it’s getting late. They might not be coming.

Might and could are used in questions regarding the possibility or probability of actions taking place. However, may and must are not.

Ex: Could Tom be studying now?

Evocative: suggestivo 

Impressive: imponente 

Overrated: sopravvalutato

Travel arrangements: preparativi di viaggio

Fennel: finocchio

Turnips: barbabietole

Liver: fegato

Soak: in ammollo

Wholemeal: integrale 

Tinned: in scatola

Chop: tritare 

Dice: tagliare a dadi

Astronomical = astronomico

Attractive = attraente

Breathtaking = mozzafiato

Evocative = suggestivo

Humbling = che fa sentire piccoli/umili

Impressive = imponente

Man-made = costruito dall’uomo

Mysterious = misterioso

Noteworthy = meritevole

Overrated = sopravvalutato

Sacred = sacro

Spectacular = spettacolare

Surprising = sorprendente

Business trip = viaggio di lavoro

Conference room = sala conferenze

Luxury hotel = hotel di lusso

Overnight journey/trip = viaggio con pernottamento

Travel agency= agenzia viaggi

Travel agent = agente di viaggio

Travel arrangements = preparativi di viaggio

Travel brochure = dépliant turistico

Travel budget = budget di viaggio

Travel insurance = assicurazione di viaggio

Abroad = all’estero

Accommodation = sistemazione

Arrangements = preparativi

Art gallery = galleria d’arte

Backpack = zaino

Backpacker = escursionista

Book = prenotare

Boring = noioso

Campsite = campeggio

Cathedral = duomo/cattedrale

Cosmopolitan = cosmopolita

Cultural heritage = patrimonio culturale

Excursion = gita/escursione

Hitch = fare autostop

Insurance = assicurazione

Journey = viaggio

Lively = vivace

Rucksack = zaino

Square = piazza

Touristy = turistico (in senso spregiativo)

Trip = viaggio/gita

Worth visiting = che vale la pena visitare

Off the beaten track = fuori dai sentieri battuti

On a budget = ristrettezze economiche

Forma in -ing = GERUNDIO 

Swimming underwater is quite an experience.

Reading is good for the memory. 

I can’t stand answering (= rispondere) silly (= sciocche) questions. 

My favory activity is reading. 

He has always been good at cooking. 

She was accused of smuggling (= contrabbandare). 

We suggesting (= suggerire) going to the beach. 

Sally admitted taking my smartphone.

 

To + base form = INFINITO 

I’m pleased to hear from you. 

Jim was surprised to receive that invitation. 

Their accent was not easy to understand. 

She’s very nice to talk to. 

 ( sinonimi = aim + goal + objective) 

They go abroad to learn languages. 

She works in a bar to earn some money. 

To make home-made tortellini is not easy. 

I expect to eat a lot here. 

I don’t want to see you again. 

 

Either an -ing form or to + base form 

Verbs most common: begin + start + continue 

 

The birds began singing = the birds began to sing 

 

 - We don’t use the -ing form after these verbs in a continuous tense 

It was starting to rain when he left. 

 

 

I don’t like declining invitations (= general). 

I don’t like to / prefer not to decline the invitation to tonight’s dinner (= specific). 

 

She went on talking for hours = she continue to talk. 

She went on to become a famous chef = she continue 

to work and later she become. 

 

It has just stopped snowing. 

We stopped (= working/playing..) to have lunch. 

I remember visiting that place when I was kid (= past). 

I remember riding a horse when I was kid (= past). 

Remember to buy some milk on your way home (= future). 

Remember to study English for the text (= future). 

 

 

I’ll never forget meeting Hugh Grant in London. 

I forgot to save what I had written. 

 

I regret not accepting his invitation. 

I regret to inform you that your application has been refused. 

 

We try pressing every single button on the keyboard. 

We tried to help them find the way. 

 

Used to + be/get used to 

 

When I was child, I didn’t use to like salad but now I love all vegetables. 

 

 

He’s used to getting up early. 

 

Contrast linkers = to show contrast/opposition between two ideas in a sentence 

 

He left without an umbrella although it was drizzling. 

 

 

In spite of the fog we didn’t miss the beginning of the film. 

 

 

I would like some Indian food, whereas/while my 

brother would prefer Mexican food tonight. 

 

Quantifiers 

 

I made lots of mistakes in my maths tests. 

We have plenty of time to prepare this recipe. 

 

 

A great deal of research has been done into the pollution. 

 

 

There were few people at the meeting.

 

 

I bought some new CDs this morning.

Did you get any bread at the supermarket? 

I haven’t hade any breakfast this morning. 

 

 

None of us has gone to the party.

VERBI MODALI 

PRESENT FORM: 

MUST + BASE FORM —> for hypotheses we are sure about because we have enough information to make a strong logical deduction. 

Es. They must have a lot of money. 

 

MAY (NOT), MIGHT (NOT), COULD + BASE FORM —> for hypotheses we are not sure about because we don’t have enough information and we present one possible hypothesis 

Es. There’s no one at their house. They may be on holiday. 

 

CAN’T + BASE FORM —> to reject hypotheses we find impossible. 

Luca can’t be here today, He is on holiday. 

 

 

PAST FORM: 

MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> for hypotheses we are sure about past events. 

Es. Alex wasn’t on that train. He must have missed it. 

 

MAY (NOT) HAVE, MIGHT (NOT) HAVE, COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> for hypotheses about past events we are not sure about because we don’t have enough information and we present one possible hypothesis. 

Es. She didn’t say. She may not have seen us. 

 

CAN’T HAVE, COULDN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE —> to reject hypotheses about past events when we find them impossible. 

Es. They couldn’t have been very happy when they found out. 

 

CONTINUOUS FORM: 

MUST , CAN’T + BE + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress when we are sure. 

Es. She must be feelings nervous. 

 

MAY (NOT), MIGHT (NOT), COULD + BE + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress when we are not sure. 

Es. I’m not sure. She may not be doing her homework. 

 

MUST, CAN’T + HAVE BEEN + -ING FORM —> for hypotheses about events in progress some time in the past when we are sure. 

Es. You must have been lying in the sun for too long. 

 

MAY(NOT), MIGHT(NOT), COULD + HAVE BEEN + -ING FORM -> for hypotheses about events in progress some time in the past when we are not sure. 

Es.  They may have been picking blackberries. 

 

 

De

 

The baby keeps crying. He must have some problems (usually sleep well) 

Me Allen must be here. His car’s parked outside 

They wear very expensive clothes. They must have a lot of money 

 

 

There’s no one at their house. They may be on holiday (=può darsi che) 

Anna’s not here today. She could be ill 

 

 

Luca can’t be here today. He is on holiday! 

She can’t have children. She’s too young 

 

We don’t use mustn’t, couldn’t or can 

 

 

Look at the footprints! The robbers must have escaped this way 

I can’t find my phone. I must have left it at home 

Alex wasn’t on the train. He must have missed it 

 

 

She didn’t say hello. She may not have seen us 

They promise to call, but they could have forgotten 

 

 

He can’t have missed the train. He left for the station in good time 

He can’t have bought that home. He hasn’t got that much money! 

They couldn’t have been very happy when they found out 

 

Could have + past participle is also used to say that something was possible but did not happen 

 

That was not a good place to go skating. You could have broken your leg 

If your leg still hurts you so much, you could / might have broken it 

 

Deduction with continuous form 

Present: 

 

She must be feeling nervous 

They can’t be sleeping 

 

She may not/might not be doing her homework. 

She may/might/could be playing video games 

Past: 

You must have been lying in The Sun for too long 

The tv can’t have been working properly 

 

 

Tim didn’t answer your question. He may not/might not have been listening

 

Ex.She used to be a long distance runner when she was younger. 

 

If you are used to something, you are accustomed to it – you don’t find it unusual. If you get used to something or you are getting used to something you are becoming accustomed to it – it was strange, now it’s not so strange 

 

Things that I didn't know about the vocabulary: 
 7️⃣ 
take a hike - fare un'escursione
Cultural heritage - eredità culturale

To Hitch - fare l'autostoP   Worship - culto
 Freak - spaventoso
8️⃣
Oat - avena  
Gut - intestino
Chickpea - cece

Liver - fegato

Mussel - cozza

 Wholemeal - integrale