https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w Made with good vibes en-us 2018-03-07 13:51:11 UTC 2018-03-14 14:29:28 UTC hello@padlet.com 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/239140487 Blood transfusions were attempted in the 1800s but rarely worked. Nobody knew why until in 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups. After this blood transfusions became possible, provided the patient and donor had the same type of blood and were in the same place. When doctors tried to store blood it clotted and could not be used for transfusions. The problem of storing blood was solved during the First World War. Firstly, sodium citrate was added to prevent blood clotting. Then scientists discovered how to separate and store the crucial blood cells and keep them in bottles for future use. This made possible the huge blood tanks that supply blood today.]]> 2018-03-07 14:05:23 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/239140487 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/239151900 In 1895 a German scientist, Wilhelm Rontogen, discovered rays of light that could pass through black paper, wood and flesh and still light up a wall. He did not know what they were so called them X-rays. Within moths, X-ray machines were in use in hospitals. The first World War led to a great increase in the use of X-rays to locate bullets and shrapnel lodged deep within wounded men. After this X-rays became routine and used in many different ways. For example, they changed the care of pregnant women and their babies as it became easier to monitor the development of babies in the womb.]]> 2018-03-07 14:24:16 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/239151900 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241873412 Marie Curie and her husband, Pierre, continued research on X-rays. They discovered radium which has been used ever since to diagnose cancers, and in radiotherapy to treat cancers. Their research was the beginning of modern treatment of cancer. As the research continued it became so complex that they built up a team of research scientists to share ideas.]]> 2018-03-14 13:47:59 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241873412 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241877572 The first heart transplant was carried out in South Africa in 1967 by Dr Christiaan Barnard and a team of highly skilled and experienced doctors, nurses and scientists. Other organs had been transplanted before then - kidneys on 1954 and liver in 1963. Since then more ambitious transplants have been carried out including the first bone marrow transplant in 1982. All depend on high levels of technical and scientific experience.]]> 2018-03-14 13:53:55 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241877572 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241881370 Drug treatments of the future could be designed to deal with one person's particular health problem which has arisen because of a particular gene in that person. These 'customs drugs' would be less haphazard than at present where the same drugs is given to millions of different people regardless of their genetic make-up.]]> 2018-03-14 13:59:22 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241881370 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241884825 The injuries of both World Wars led to a rapid improvement in techniques, especially the use of skin grafts. In the First World War injuries were mostly from bullet and shell damage. Surgeons carried out over 11,000 plastic surgery operations, increasing their experience and learning from each other. In the Second World War there were many more burns cases in tanks and aeroplanes. Archibald Mclndoe alone carried out 4000 operations on burns cases. ]]> 2018-03-14 14:05:22 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241884825 005930 https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241889712 Anaesthetics  in the later 1800's had to be inhaled through the nose and mouth. This made it difficult to control the dosage. In the 1930's Helmuth Wesse developed anaesthetics that could be injected into the blood stream, enabling precise doses, greater safety and longer operations. Nowadays local anaesthetics are so effective that they are used for major operations such as hip-replacements.]]> 2018-03-14 14:13:04 UTC https://padlet.com/005930/c4jbfxr4k84w/wish/241889712