https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb Made with a creative frenzy en-us 2017-10-26 16:55:46 UTC 2025-12-11 13:52:55 UTC hello@padlet.com 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200924642 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.]]> 2017-10-26 17:00:43 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200924642 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200926244 The right to bear arms.]]> 2017-10-26 17:03:26 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200926244 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200927443 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.]]> 2017-10-26 17:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200927443 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200936952 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

]]> 2017-10-26 17:22:23 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/200936952 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201281595 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.]]> 2017-10-27 16:55:12 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201281595 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201284566 In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.]]> 2017-10-27 17:02:13 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201284566 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201289821 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.]]> 2017-10-27 17:14:08 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201289821 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201291815 The Fourteenth Amendment contains a number of important concepts, most famously state action, privileges & immunities, citizenship, due process, and equal protection—all of which are contained in Section One.  However, the Fourteenth Amendment contains four other sections.  Section two deals with the apportionment of representatives to Congress.  Section Three forbids anyone who participates in “insurrection or rebellion” against the United States from holding federal office.  Section Four addresses federal debt and repudiates debts accrued by the Confederacy.  Section Five expressly authorizes Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment “by appropriate legislation.”  The states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 in the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War, along with the other Reconstruction Amendments—the Thirteenth and Fifteenth.]]> 2017-10-27 17:18:04 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201291815 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201452703 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

]]> 2017-10-29 02:23:30 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201452703 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201452792 Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination.]]> 2017-10-29 02:27:23 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201452792 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453300 the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.]]> 2017-10-29 02:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453300 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453352  A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master.]]> 2017-10-29 02:46:55 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453352 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453539 judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this.]]> 2017-10-29 02:54:53 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201453539 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201454778 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. ... Arguing that these state interests became stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the third trimester of pregnancy.]]> 2017-10-29 03:32:58 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201454778 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201454962 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.]]> 2017-10-29 03:38:50 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201454962 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455151 fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.]]> 2017-10-29 03:45:17 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455151 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455271 De facto racial discrimination and segregation in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s was simply discrimination that was not segregation by law (de jure). Jim Crow laws, which were enacted in the 1870s, brought legal racial segregationagainst black Americans residing in the American South.]]> 2017-10-29 03:48:28 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455271 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455533 Pure speech in United States law is the communication of ideas through spoken or written words or through conduct limited in form to that necessary to convey the idea. It is distinguished from symbolic speech or "speech plus," which involves conveying an idea or message through behavior.]]> 2017-10-29 03:53:59 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455533 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455669 The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".]]> 2017-10-29 03:57:31 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455669 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455848 In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legalrule, based on constitutional law, saying that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.]]> 2017-10-29 04:02:17 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201455848 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201500815 Jim Crow laws, in U.S. history, statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites. The name is believed to be derived from a character in a popular minstrel song.]]> 2017-10-29 15:34:05 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201500815 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201501381 In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the wartime internment of American citizens of Japanese descent was constitutional. Above, Japanese Americans at a government-run internment camp during World War II.]]> 2017-10-29 15:40:00 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201501381 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201501774 Defamation is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.]]> 2017-10-29 15:43:56 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201501774 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201503683 When the neo-Nazis fought in court to march in Skokie]]> 2017-10-29 16:02:07 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201503683 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504090 Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel.]]> 2017-10-29 16:05:30 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504090 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504326 Seditious speech is speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders. Its criminalization dates back at least as far as the Alien and Sedition Act.]]> 2017-10-29 16:07:53 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504326 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504449 Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts]]> 2017-10-29 16:09:24 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504449 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504604 Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans.]]> 2017-10-29 16:11:16 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504604 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504733 In institutions of higher education, affirmative action refers to admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.]]> 2017-10-29 16:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504733 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504877 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.]]> 2017-10-29 16:13:46 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201504877 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507067 Summary & Central Issue. In the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman in 1971, the Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion. The very first amendment in the Constitution deals with freedom of religion.]]> 2017-10-29 16:34:05 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507067 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507273 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896) was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court decided in 1896. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".]]> 2017-10-29 16:36:11 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507273 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507492 In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case began with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon.

]]> 2017-10-29 16:38:20 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507492 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507702 Rational basis review is a test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance. To pass rational basis review, the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.]]> 2017-10-29 16:40:09 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507702 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507834 The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment states that the government "shall make no law . . . prohibiting the free exercise of religion." Although the text sounds absolute, "no law" does not always mean "no law." The Supreme Court has had to place some limits on the freedom to practice religion.]]> 2017-10-29 16:41:34 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201507834 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509543 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Introduction. Twoclauses of the First Amendment concern the relationship of government to religion: the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.

]]> 2017-10-29 16:58:45 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509543 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509652 the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.]]> 2017-10-29 16:59:56 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509652 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509821 Suspect classification. A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination. Any statute that makes a distinction between individuals based on any of the suspect classifications (ie. alienage, race) will be subject to a strict scrutiny standard of review before the Supreme Court.

]]> 2017-10-29 17:01:30 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201509821 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510381 De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.]]> 2017-10-29 17:06:46 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510381 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510520 reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).]]> 2017-10-29 17:08:14 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510520 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510635 Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

]]> 2017-10-29 17:09:33 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510635 19ejbell https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510730 The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrinethrough which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

]]> 2017-10-29 17:10:46 UTC https://padlet.com/19ejbell/c035m0h6d0qb/wish/201510730