The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy,while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.

Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the existing regime proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, including the abolition of feudalism, the imposition of state control over the Catholic Church in France, and extension of the right to vote.

The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depressIon and Civil disorder. Opposition from external powers like Austria, Britain, and Prussia resulted in the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the French First Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. In June, an uprising in Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre.

This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as its external enemies, the Republic faced internal opposition from both Royalists and Jacobins and in order to deal with these threats, the French Directory took power in November 1795. Despite a series of military victories, many won by Napoleon Bonaparte, political divisions and economic stagnation resulted in the Directory being replaced by the Consulate in November 1799. This is generally seen as marking the end of the Revolutionary period.

     The Nazi regime had exhausted this as a spontaneous outcry from the death of the German diplomat in Paris, Ernst vom Rath, on November 9, 1938. Who was shot in two days by a German-born Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan. The riots were ordered by German Führer Adolf Hitler. This riot resulted in the destruction of 267 synagogues (Jewish houses of worship) in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Meanwhile, 7,500 Jewish-owned shops and businesses were damaged. This incident itself was chosen for Kristallnacht to refer to the shards of glass that were scattered in front of the shop of the Jews who were attacked. There were at least 91 Jews who died during the Kristallnacht. Goebbels itself was destroyed to be stopped at noon on November 10, and then this message was disseminated by the Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro around 16.00.

As the pogrom spread, SS and Gestapo units arrested 20,000 to 30,000 Jewish men and transferred most of them to local prisons in Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. hundreds of people died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. Three months later, most were freed but on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Kristallnacht is now remembered in Germany through a memorial service. This commemoration is an important component in rebuilding Germany's national identity and also demonstrates Germany's commitment to fighting antisemitism and racism. In German literature itself, the term used is "November pogrom" or Reichspogromnacht, because the term Kristallnacht is considered to distract from the physical violence suffered by the Jews at that time.

The peak of Japanese occupation in Korea was when the Eulsa Agreement or the Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty in 1905 and the annexation agreement in 1910 was declared by both parties in 1965.During the colonial period, Korean people continued to suffer even though the Japanese had built access roads and communications.Japanese occupation of Korea ended with Japan's surrender to the Allies in 1945 at the end of World War II.And then Korea was divided by South Korea and North Korea.

Korea succeeded in independence on August 15, 1945. Japan's colonization of Korea was not a very long time but also not a moment. Korean independence day is not far from Indonesia's independence day.

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to the Exposition Universelle, the World's Fair celebrating the centenary of the French Revolution. Eiffel had originally planned to build a tower in Baecelona, ​​for the Universal Exhibition of 1888, but those in charge of Barcelona City hall found it strange and expensive, and not suited to the city.

After the rejection of the Barcelona Plan, Eiffel sent his draft to those responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on May 6.

Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 parts of cast iron (a pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million nails, in structural form by Maurice Koechelin. The risk of accident is very great, for an unusual modern skyscraper this tower opens with no middle level except for two platforms. But because Eiffel took a lot of caution, including the use of moving tackles, auxiliary rails and sails, and in this case only one died.

The tower received various criticisms from the public when it was built, calling it disturbing to the eye. The daily newspapers are filled with critical letters from the art community in Paris.

Eiffel had a permit to stand for the tower for 20 years, which meant it had to be demolished in 1909, when ownership was handed over to the City of Paris. The city had planned to demolish it (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that was easy to take down) but after the tower proved to be profitable in terms of communications, it was left standing after the permit expired.

For example, the Military used it to organize Parisian taxis on the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne, and became a victorious monument to that battle.

Though it is believed that a fort has existed on the site since Roman times, the first known written mention of the Alcazar of Segovia is found in twelfth century Christian records. Having started life as an Arab fort, in the thirteenth century, the Alcazar of Segovia made the transition from military stronghold to palatial residence and was slowly renovated in a gothic style, with further changes made in the sixteenth century.

It served as a state prison for almost two centuries before King Charles III founded the Royal Artillery School in 1762. It functioned in this capacity before it was badly damaged by fire in 1862. In 1896, it was handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college. Today, it serves as a museum and military archives building.

The Alcazar of Segovia was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.

The accident occurred during a safety test on the steam turbine of an RBMK-type nuclear reactor. During a planned decrease of reactor power in preparation for the test, the power output unexpectedly dropped to near-zero. The operators were unable to restore the power level specified by the test program, which put the reactor in an unstable condition. This risk was not made evident in the operating instructions, so the operators proceeded with the test. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown. But a combination of operator negligence and critical design flaws had made the reactor primed to explode. Instead of shutting down, an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction began, releasing enormous amounts of energy.

The core melted down and two or more explosions ruptured the reactor core and destroyed the reactor building. This was immediately followed by an open-air reactor core fire. It released considerable airborne radioactive contamination for about nine days that precipitated onto other parts of the USSR and Western Europe, before finally ending on 4 May 1986. Some 70% of fallout landed in Belarus, 16 kilometres away. The fire released about the same amount of contamination as the initial explosion. As a result of rising ambient radiation levels off-site, a 10-kilometre radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident. About 49,000 people were evacuated from the area, primarily from Pripyat. The exclusion zone was later increased to 30 kilometres when a further 68,000 people were evacuated from the wider area, and later it became the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone covering an area of approximately 2,600 km2.

Chernobyl's health effects to the general population are uncertain. An excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths were documented as of 2011. A United Nations committee found that to date fewer than 100 deaths have resulted from the fallout. Determining the total eventual number of exposure related deaths is uncertain based on the linear no-threshold model, a contested statistical model. Model predictions of the eventual total death toll in the coming decades vary. The most robust studies predict 4,000 fatalities when solely assessing the three most contaminated former Soviet states, to about 9,000 to 16,000 fatalities when assessing the whole of Europe. Following the disaster, Pripyat was replaced by the new purpose built city of Slavutych.

The USSR built the protective Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus by December 1986. It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination from the wreckage and protected it from weathering. It also provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site, which were restarted in late 1986 and 1987. Due to the continued deterioration of the sarcophagus, it was further enclosed in 2017 by the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement. This larger enclosure allows the removal of both the sarcophagus and the reactor debris, while containing the radioactive hazard. Nuclear clean-up is scheduled for completion in 2065.

       Constantinople was defeated by Muhammad al-Fatih. He was born on March 29, 1432 AD in Adrianapolis (Turkish-Bulgarian border) He ascended the throne at the age of 19 and reigned for 30 years (1451 – 1481). He died on May 3, 1481 of gout while on a jihad journey to the center of the Western Roman Empire in Rome, Italy. 

     The fall of Constantinople began on Friday, April 6, 1453. Al-Fatih started the attack on Constantinople but before that he made a strategy. One cannon designed by Orban called the "Basilika" was 27 feet (8.2 m) high and capable of throwing a 600 lb (272 kg) gun for 1 mile (1.6 km). 

      Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosia Wall, which was the most intricate part of the wall and moat that protected Constantinople from attacks coming from the west. His troops camped outside the city on the Monday after Easter, April 2, 1453. The army was given the opportunity to pray and rest on the 28th, and then the final attack would be launched. 

        After the initial attack, the Ottoman army spread throughout the town of Mese, skipping the major forums, and missing the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mahmed II wanted to serve as the seat of the patriarch he would appoint, which would help him to better control his Christian people. Mehmed II had sent soldiers to protect important buildings such as the church. Finally with this attack Constantinople was conquered by Muhammad al-Fatih.