Gladiator by Jaymee Chong

MOVIE TIMELINE

sheryltan — 2016-10-20 01:56:47 UTC

168 AD

Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins his 12 year campaign against the Barbarian Tribes in Germania.

180 AD

General Maximus leads wins the battle in Germania. Marcus Aurelius appoints him to rule and deems is son Commodus unfit. Marcus Aurelius is then murdered by his son and Commodus becomes Emperor. Maximus finds his family murdered after refusing loyalty to Commodus who also ordered a death sentence on Maximus. He is then found by slavers who sell him off to a lanista (gladiator trainer).

181 AD

Maximus wins tournaments because of his military skills and was advised by his lanista to go to Rome and fight in the Colosseum to win the crowd as leverage against the Emperor. After a plot against the Commodus fails, Commodus duels Maximus in which Commodus dies and Maximus victorious. Maximus dies soon after. His body is then carried away and given an honourable funeral as a 'soldier of Rome'.

GENERAL TIMELINE

batrisyia33 — 2016-10-20 02:29:11 UTC

73-71 BC
The Slave War of Spartacus

48 BC
Julius Ceasar defeats Pompey, becomes sole dictator of Rome

27 BC
The Julio Claudians ruled Rome

9AD
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

14-37AD
Ruling of the Roman Emperor Tiberius

69AD
The Year of the Four Emperors

161-180AD
Ruling of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (the current time of the movie)

180 AD
Ruling of Roman Emperor Commodus Antoninus

198-212 AD
Roman Emperor Geta

Government

sheryltan — 2016-10-26 20:43:58 UTC

Progression of Government

Monarchy

Rome under one Emperor who ruled out of fear. The people had to safeguard against his ruling and possible oppression. He took on the executive functions and imperium (absolute authority) of the consul (chief magistrate) and the religious authority of the pontifex maximus (high priest).

Representation

The authority of the Empire was divided into three basic parts;-

Elected non-heriditary magistrates
Senate to advise and consent
Popular assemblies

Unfortunately, early stages of the republic, power was solely given to the elite-those who own lands or patricians. The rest of the empire had little rights.

The Consuls (Monarchical Branch)

The government would choose two consuls that were appointed by the popular assembly, the Comita Centuria.
Each consul served a non consecutive, 1 year term.
Consuls possessed supreme executive power
Commanding the army,
Presiding over the Senate, and proposing legislation
However, as a safeguard each consul had the ability to veto the other’s decision - an intercessio. Famous figures who served as consuls include Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Pompey the Great, and Mark Antony.

The Senate ( Aristocratic Branch)

the Roman Senate had little if any legislative authority, for that power wrested in the hands of the popular assemblies.
it had no legal power, it still held significant influence, serving as an advisory body to the consuls and later emperors.
This power to influence the opinions of both the magistrates and public allowed a number of prominent senators to emerge and among these were Cato the Elder, his grandson Cato the Younger, Marcus Junius Brutus, and lastly, Marcus Tullius Cicero.
Members were unpaid and served for life unless found guilty of misconduct.

The Assemblies (Democratic Branch)

Made up of all men
Voted on big issues
Eg. When to go to War
Elected consuls, prefects, senators and tribunes
Rejected or approved Laws

Art / Architecture

calvin98chen — 2016-10-26 20:54:22 UTC

ART / ARCHITECTURE

Types of Buildings :

Amphitheatre
Basilica
Circus
Forum
Horreum
Insula
Lighthouses
Thermae
Temples
Theatres
Villa
Watermills

(Prominent buildings : Baths of Trajan, Baths of Diocletian, Baths of Caracalla, Trajan’s Column, Colosseum, Circus Maximus, Curia Hostilia, Domus Aurea, Pantheon, Tower of Hercules, Tropaeum Traiani, Hadrian’s Villa, Verona Arena, Alyscamps, Domus, Catacombs of Rome, Roman Villa, Pompeii )

Architectural Features :

Mosaics
Hypocaust
Spiral stairs
Roman roofs

Structural Deco :

Monoliths
Obelisks
Roman garden
Triumphal arch
Victory columns

Infrastructure :

Roads
Bridges
Canals
Dams
Defensive walls
Aqueduct
Cisterns

Writing System // Literature :

The native language of the Romans was Latin. Alphabets were based on the Etruscan alphabet, which was in turn based on the Greek alphabet. Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised literary language from the 1st century BC, the spoken language of the Roman Empire was Vulgar Latin, which markedly differed from Classical Latin in grammar and vocabulary and in pronunciation.

While Latin remained as the main written language of the Roman Empire, Greek became the language spoken by well-educated elites, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which later on became the Byzantine Empire, Latin was never able to replace Greek, and after the death of Justinian, Greek became the official language of the Byzantine government. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolved into dialects in different locations, gradually shifting into many distinct Romance languages.

Roman Art Sculpture :

Roman Sculpture is above all else, remarkable for its thorough variety and broad mix. The art form blended the idealised perfection of the earlier Classical Greek sculpture with a greater aspiration for realism and absorbed artistic preferences and styles from the East to create images in stone and bronze which rank among the finest works from antiquity. Aside from their own unique contribution, Roman sculptors have also, with their popular copies of earlier Greek masterpieces, preserved for posterity invaluable works which would have otherwise been completely lost to world art.

Sculpture also became more monumental with massive, larger than human-sized statues of emperors, gods and heroes such as the huge bronze statues of Marcus Aurelius on horseback or the even bigger statue of Constantine I, both of which now placed in the Capitoline Museums of Rome. Towards the end of the Empire, sculpture of figures tended to lack proportion, especially heads were enlarged, and figures were most often presented flatter and from the front, displaying the influence of Eastern art.

Construction :

The Romans learned from the Etruscans the use of arches to make large openings in a wall; the gates of the Etruscan towns show the first examples of arch. The laws of Physics explaining the conditions required for an arch not to collapse were not fully understood until the 19th century yet the Etruscans, then the Romans, developed empirical methods for designing arches which still stand for more than 2,000 years later.

The key element for building an arch is the solidity of its side walls which have to withstand the pressure discharged by the keystone through the voussoirs to the springers.

Centina (centring) is the wood structure upon which the stones of an arch were laid during construction.

Arches were used even in buildings where their presence is not immediately visible. The Pantheon rests on eight pillars and "discharging" arches ensure the pressure is directed towards them; the sunken panels of its ceiling have no doubt a very decorative effect, but they also reduce the weight of the structure; to this purpose Roman engineers also used vases or hollow bricks. The structures supporting the Roman market at Smyrna show interesting examples of both barrel and rib vaults.

Culture ( Updated )

karhui012698 — 2016-10-26 22:04:49 UTC

Food

-They use fingers to take food and use spoon for soups

Breakfast (Ientaculum)

Lunch (Prandium)

Dinner (Cena)

Appetizers (Gustatio)

Dessert - Secunda mensa (second table)

Staple food - for lower class Romans

- vegetables porridge and bread

Simple food - 11 o'clock

- bread, salad, olives, cheese, fruits, nuts and cold meat

Wine

- for meal and occasions by all classes. It is cheap and always mixed with water.

- Wine to water ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4

- Example : Mulsum - honeyed wine

Mustum - Grape juice

Mulsa - Honeyed water

- Male - can have 0.8 to 1.1 gallons of wine

- Female - can have 0.5 gallons of wine

- Drinking non-watered wine on an empty stomach called boorish

Education

- began at the age of 6

- Boys and girls learned basics of reading, writing and counting in the next six or seven years.

- Age of 12,

learn Latin, Greek, grammar and literature and public speaking.

- School was mostly for boys.

Language

Latin - Italic language

- based on Old Italic alphabet, which derived from Greek alphabet.

Religion

philipkzm — 2016-10-26 23:08:13 UTC

Gladiators BC (Before Christ)
Gods and Goddesses
The Romans believed and worshiped many gods and goddesses, and would pray to the ones that would help them most in their time of need. So it would only make sense that the Gladiators would do the same.

Gods
Some Gladiators might pray to Pluto, the god of death, or maybe Mars, the god of war. These two gods would be prayed to most because when the Gladiators are fighting they would want death to be summoned on to their victim. They would pray to Mars because they would want to win the fight.

Goddesses
Some Gladiators pray to Minerva, goddess of wisdom and sponsor of arts, trade, and defense, they pray for wisdom in their fighting skills and to give them more defense against the attacks from their enemy.
Another goddess they prayed to was Fortuna, she was the goddess of luck and fortune, praying for good luck in their battles and praying for bad luck onto their enemies. Nemesis was the goddess of chance, fortunes, and revenge, and many prayed to her for those benefits.

Gladiators ACD (After Christ Died)
Christianity
In the year ACD 312, many things changed in Rome when it came to religion. The emperor Constantine the Great, said he has had a sign from the God of the Christians in a dream in the night before he had an important battle. The Emperor won this battle and showed his gratitude to the Christian God by turning the entire empire to this new religion. The Emperor Constantine was successful to where this empire stayed Christian forever. Constantine died in ACD 337. Before his death, he was baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia, and was buried wearing that white baptismal robe in the Church of the Holy Apostles. As soon as the Romans Emperor saw fit to believing in Christ the entire empire decided to follow like lost puppies.

The Gladiator fights didn't stop until 404 ACD, so Gladiators stopped praying for the Gods and Goddesses and started praying to the Christian God. These fights mainly stopped because a Christian monk, named Saint Telemachus visiting Rome saw these savage brutal fights and ran into the ring, begging for this to stop. He was then stoned and killed, but the Emperor in charge saw his bravery and his love for Christ and declared these fights to come to an end.

Christianity changed the whole roman empire. The Roman culture changed from being antagonistic to becoming pacifistic. With the new Christian religion the morals, principles and values of the Roman people changed.

MOVIE OVERVIEW

aqilazli — 2016-11-09 09:43:52 UTC

Roman general, Maximus Decimus Meridius(Russell Crowe) leads the army in a battle against the barbaric tribes of the northern frontier. After a decisive victory over the barbarians, Maximus is approached by the emperor, Marcus Aurelius(Richard Harris), with a request to end corruption in the Roman political system as his son, Commodus, is unfit to rule the land. With hopes that Commodus(Joaquin Pheonix) would understand this request, Marcus Aurelius was murdered in his son’s rage. Now crowned emperor, Commodus has set a death sentence on Maximus after he refuses to give Commodus his loyalty. Maximus is sentenced to death but manages to escape and flees to his farm. There, he found that his family has been murdered under the orders of Commodus. Maximus collapses and found himself in a slave colony under the command of gladiator trainer Proximo(Oliver Reed). Maximus agrees to fight as a gladiator and eventually sees it as an opportunity to fight back against the emperors tyranny.

Architecture

calvin98chen — 2016-11-09 16:29:54 UTC

(with pictures)

Culture; Clothing (Updated)

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 16:33:09 UTC

TUNIC

Worn by citizens & non-citizens
Presence or lack of stripes, including width and ornamentation indicates their position in the social strata
MALE: Loose-fitting, ending above the knee.
FEMALE: either close- fitting or loose-fitting , and extended over a skirt(s)
CHILDREN: belted tunics

examples:

Broad purple stripes (Laticlavus) for senators
Narrower stripes (Angusticlavia) for magistrates
Length above the knee for soldiers, slaves, manual workers
Length to the ankle for more sedentary occupations

TOGA

for men
only for free Roman citizens
made from Wool

TYPES OF TOGA:

toga picta:
- brightly coloured
- Heavily embroidered
- Victorious military commanders
toga virilis:
- for adult male commoners on formal occasions
- men above 16
- citizenship
toga trabea:
- ceremonial toga
- various colours
- wholly purple/ purple stripes for king, augurs and priests
torga pulla/sordida:
- dark colour
- for mourning

however in the movie, the senators were seen with red and black stripes

STOLA

for females
long tunic reaching the ground
long/short sleeves or sleeveless
worn over tunic
layers of garment signifies wealth and status
wide ornamental border (instita) portrays wealth too
worn with palla/ shawl
held by a brooch

BULLA

for children
locket-like amulet
BOYS: worn until reaching manhood (16 y/o)
GIRLS: worn until married

FOOTWEAR

CALCEI

standard outdoor footwear

SOLEAE/ CREPIDAE/ SANDALIA

sandals
indoor footwear

SOCCI

slippers
indoor use too

PERO

leather wrapped around foot

CALIGA

military boot

SCULPONEA

wooden clog
only for poor peasents and slaves

kseeraz — 2016-11-09 17:18:54 UTC

Aqueaducts

peyshy0701 — 2016-11-09 17:33:14 UTC

sheryltan — 2016-11-09 17:37:14 UTC

STOLA

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:44:59 UTC

SENATOR TOGA

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:53:38 UTC

SENATOR TOGA

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:55:28 UTC

trident

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:57:35 UTC

dagger

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:57:55 UTC

footwear

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 17:59:21 UTC

movie reference

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:02:06 UTC

maximus with short sword (gladius) and round shield

swords

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:05:49 UTC

GLADIATOR MATCH

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:07:30 UTC

scene from the movie

bulla

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:18:17 UTC

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:20:54 UTC

tunic

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 18:24:45 UTC

Religion (updated)

sheryltan — 2016-11-09 18:37:21 UTC

Early Beliefs

Animistic
Ancestral spirits
(Eg. Capitolie Triad: Mars-god of War, Quirius-Watcher of the people of Rome, Jupiter-Supreme god)
Under Greek Influence
Religion and myth combined
Roman gods were more anthromorphic (Having human emotions of jealousy, love and hate, etc.)
Cities adopted their own patron and performed thier own rituals
Temples (homes to these gods) began to be built in the empire

Modern Influence

names of the days and months (Tuesday, Saturday, January and June)
languages of European nations
names of the planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto)

Important Gods to the Romans

Jupiter (Zeus), King of all gods
Pluto(Hades), god of Death
Mars(Artemis), god of War
Minerva(Athena), goddess of Wisdom and goddess of Commerce, Industry and Education
Fortuna (Tyche), goddess of Luck
Nemesis (Nemesis), Avenger of Crime

Judaism & Christianity

Refusal to participate in the worship of Roman gods
Became the target of Emperors
Received recognition in 312AD by Emperor Constantine after receiving a vision
Christianity grew and replaced the traditional religion
Rome became the new centre of Christianity
Gladiators stopped praying to the gods and goddesses and started praying to the Christian God until 404AD
A monk (Saint Telemachus) saw the fights, ran into the ring and begged for this to stop

Architecture

calvin98chen — 2016-11-09 18:43:07 UTC

Architectural Influences From Greek , there's a saying goes by “Rome wasn't built by the Greeks in a day”

Rome acquired the importance and reputation in the ancient world, hence the Romans looked to another great culture of the time, the Greeks, for architectural inspiration. The Romans took Grecian ideas and modified them to incorporate distinct Roman character and purpose.

I . Temples & Basilicas (Greek : ‘royal’)

The Romans incorporated the Greek use of columns on the temple facade and the use and placement of the triangular pediment. But the Roman temples were small and varied in their structure, unlike the Greeks.

II . Theatres

Conservative Romans built temporary theatrical structures. Later on, the Romans modelled their permanent theatres after the Greeks, but built the stage building one story higher and turned the orchestra pit into seating because Roman theatre did not require a chorus.

III . Materials

The Romans imported marble from Greece before they discovered extensive Italian marble deposits. The Romans invented and utilised cement.

Maison Carrée

calvin98chen — 2016-11-09 18:45:43 UTC

Roman Temple

Roman Theatre

calvin98chen — 2016-11-09 18:51:35 UTC

Proposal for the Group Assignment

sheryltan — 2016-11-09 18:52:28 UTC

Option 1:

Fashion Show displaying the different types of clothing (with footwear) in the era depicted in the movie.

Tunic (4 types)
Toga (4 Types)
Stolla ( 1 type)
Gladiator armour (1 type)

and also to showcase the elements and how it is worn.

Option 2:

A scene of which the gladiators battle in the arena.

We will each participate as a different member of society:

Gladiators
Emperor
Members of Senate
Common People

Option 3:

A Day in a life in the Roman Empire

3 Different Scenes

Socialising of aristocrats (what they normally speak about) eating (what they eat)
How they used the toilets (what was the technology present in that era) and the toilet culture
a shorter version of the gladiator scene

Marble

calvin98chen — 2016-11-09 18:53:27 UTC

Inventions by Romans

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 19:06:08 UTC

Between 15 BC - 30 BC

Ten Books on Architecture ( De Architectura) was published by Vitruvius as a treatise of architecture and has been used to be a guide when building.

46 BC

Julian Calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar.

59 BC

Acta Senatus, whereby records the detailed procedings of Roman Senate, was ordered by Julius Caesar for publication.

122 BC

The system of Alimenta ( Institution of public funds) was started by Emperor Trajan to give more support to poor people.

131 BC

Acta Diurna acts as something like daily newspaper that records notable dates and public notices on stone.

200 BC

Roman cement was different from the concrete we used now. Back then they used powdered brick,pottery or crushed tiles with lime to create roman cement.

312 BC

Aqueducts was built by Romans to utilize gravity to transport water along stone, lead and solid pipelines and into downtown areas. Reservoir conduits freed Roman urban areas from a dependence on adjacent water supplies and demonstrated advancement in sanitation.

500 BC

Wicked candles were invented by Romans by repeatedly dipping rolled papyrus in melted tallow or beeswax. The resulting candles are used to illuminate homes, aid travellers and ritual purposes.

47 AD

De Medicina is a medical treatise written by a Roman encyclopedist. It consists of 8 books that highly contributed for the medical evolution of Roman Empire.

180 AD

GLADIATOR THE MOVIE

200 AD

By 200 AD, the Roman Empire has built over 50,000 miles of roads and highways, some still existed today.

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 19:20:46 UTC

another example

Roman Columns

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:22:16 UTC

Doric Style of Roman Columns

Ionic style of roman columns

Corinthian style of roman columns

Ancient Roman Columns are used for support beams or arches , walls or ceilings rest ect ... and the coloumns enabled the ancient Romans to build vast buildings with the simplest materials they have. Ancient Roman also use the coloums extend to domes and cupolas, corridors and roofs,. And even used extensively to doorways and windows and often used as an ornament or utility.

A column can be divide into 4 main parts

1.)Stylobate- it is the lower portion of a column

2.)Shaft- the middle part of the column

3.)Capital- the top or upper part of the column

4.)Entablature- the area which the column supports

Doric Columns - Simplest Style of columns
It is the oldest and also the simplest of classical styles. These columns are characterized by heavy fluted columns with plain saucer-shaped capitals and base. The capital of these columns consists of a cushion-like convex molding known as “echinus” and square slab called “abacus”. Doric columns were considered to be able to hold more weight compare to the other 2 columns.

Ionic Columns with spiral scrolls
Ionic columns were invented by the Asiatic Greeks is more graceful. The capital of the Ionic column is more ornamented than the Doric column. And the shaft is fluted and more slender. The Ionic Roman columns are characterized by the capital which is formed with 2 spiral scrolls.

Corinthian Columns - Most decorated style of columns
It is the most ornate of the 3. The corinthian order exhibits a greater refinement and elegance than the other 2 styles of columns. The Corinthian Roman columns are characterized by slender fulted columns. The capital have an almost bell-shaped capital desorated with acanthus leaves. Corinthian Roman columns were often surmounted by a more ornamented entablature.

Roman Columns in the Colosseum
Difference columns are used on each three main levels on the colosseum. Doric columns were used in the first level . Ionic columns were used in the second level and the Corinthian columns were used in the third level. While the fourth or the top level of the Colosseum had no arches.

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:25:30 UTC

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:26:21 UTC

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:27:19 UTC

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:28:40 UTC

nic_choyjiawei — 2016-11-09 19:30:26 UTC

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 20:09:28 UTC

These are the characters that we have chosen for the individual journal.

Sheryl Tan - Lucilla

Nicholas Choy- Senator Gracchus

Woo Kar Hui- Antonius Proximo

Amirah Batrisyia- Tigris of Gaul

Jaymee Chong- Marcus Aurelius

Chen Qinh Yao- Maximus Meridius

Muhammad Aqil- Commodus

Philip Koh- Falco

Keshav Seeraz- Quintus

Goretty Lee Pey Shy- Julius Caesar

Culture; Tradition (Updated)

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 20:24:56 UTC

GLADIATOR

armed combatant forced to entertain audiences in violent battles with other gladiators, wild beasts, and condemned criminials
depicted as a method to appease the Roman gods - averts Rome from cataclysm
Became big business in the empire
Large sums of money won by gambling on the results of the gladiator fights
slaves, criminals & prisoners are forced to become gladiators
volunteers either wants admiration or to pay debt
clothed and armed to resemble barbarians

in the movie, General Maximus refused to bow to loyalty to the newly appointed Emperor Commodus.
Gets arrested and sentenced for execution, but managed to escape his death by killing his captors.
He rides to his farm in hopes of saving his family but arrives too late and finds his family hung.
He collapses due to his wounds and was found by slavers
brought to Zucchabar, which is where he got sold off to a gladiator trainer, Proximo
fights well as a gladiator- wins every match due to military background, skills & nonchalance attitude towards death
gains fame, recognition. named "Maximus the Merciful"
fights at Colosseum in order to gain revenge towards Emperor Commodus

WEAPONS

swords
daggers
lances
spears
javelin
trident
net
lasso
bow and arrow
boxing glove
shields

in the movie, Maximus uses a short sword and round shield.

Boxing gloves

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 20:38:50 UTC

Spears

batrisyia33 — 2016-11-09 20:40:01 UTC

De Medicina

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 20:44:22 UTC

Ancient Roman Candles

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 20:45:29 UTC

Acta Diurna

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 20:47:23 UTC

Roman Cement

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 20:54:05 UTC

Dome of Pantheon is was made from roman cement

Roman roads

kiwicap_jaymee — 2016-11-09 20:58:30 UTC

Oldest street that is still used in Rome.

Julian Calendar

peyshy0701 — 2016-11-09 23:51:03 UTC

Ten Books On Architecture

peyshy0701 — 2016-11-10 00:07:56 UTC

The subjects of Vitruvius Ten Books, using modern terminology, are:

Landscapes architecture
Construction Material
Temples (Part 1)
Temples (Part 2)
Public places: square, meeting hall, theater, park, gymnasium, harbor
Private dwellings
Finishes and colour
Water supply
Sundials and clocks
Mechanical engineering

peyshy0701 — 2016-11-10 00:23:51 UTC

PRESENTATION SLIDES

aqilazli — 2016-11-10 01:51:33 UTC

The "culture" section of the presentation has not been added yet.
More reference photos will be added along with a more simplified version of the information (infographic style).

PRESENTATION SLIDES(UPDATED) 24/11

aqilazli — 2016-11-23 21:43:22 UTC

The "religion" section will represent the overall style of the boards and the simplified information.
- 60% complete
- More information from the padlet will be updated in the slides