• In August 1415, King John I of Portugal, supported by his sons Prince Henry the Navigator, Prince Duarte, and Prince Pedro, led a large fleet to capture the North African city of Ceuta. The victory gave Portugal control over a strategic trading hub between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, strengthening its influence in maritime trade routes.

  
  

• The conquest marked the beginning of Portugal’s overseas empire, serving both as a religious crusade against Islam and as a stepping stone toward exploration along the African coast, laying the foundations of the Age of Discoveries.

Sources:

- Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press, 1977;

- Russell, Peter. Prince Henry 'the Navigator': A Life. Yale University Press, 2000.

Sources: Waterloo Association Timeline

Britanica- Battle of Waterloo Overview

Wikipedia- Battle of Waterloo

It was the end of the German division.That means that was not longer split and the German residents was free.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.lpb-bw.de/fall-der-berliner-mauer&ved=2ahUKEwjKoaWL49KPAxV_9gIHHWBGIiEQFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0kMlN0mtvPMUgtkw3Nnu5K

The derailment led the French to abandon the practice of locking passengers in their carriages

sources

“Versailles Rail Accident.” Wikipedia, 13 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_rail_accident.

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There were around 650k-1.3m deaths in russian soldiers.

The nazis lost between 250k-400k soldiers.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Moscow

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/battle-moscow

Image:

Its an old image of German soldiers marching towards Moscow with their opperation.

The battle was won by the Union, this battle was a turning point in the Civil war leading to the Union winning the civil war, this battle was one of the Bloodiest battles in both the Civil war and American military history claiming over 50,000 injuries and deaths for both armies.

• Battle of Gettysburg, (July 1–3, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War, fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, that was a crushing Southern defeat. It is generally regarded as the turning point of the war a

• Fun Fact: One of the most famous ghost stories associated with Little Round Top involves the ghost of a Union soldier named Gideon. According to legend, Gideon was a drummer boy who was killed in battle, people say that if you go to the site of the battle of Gettysburg you can hear him drumming on the top of the hill close to where he died

  
  

• by Vincent

• source: Battle of Gettysburg - Wikipedia

  Battle of Gettysburg | Summary, History, Dates, Generals, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica

-In September 16, 1810, An event called the Cry of Dolores happened. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a creole priest, rang the church bell in Dolores and called for insurrection against Spanish rule. In this proclamation, he urged an end to Spanish tyranny, land reform, and equality of classes. His call sparked a massive peasant uprising; within days, thousands of Indians and mestizos rallied under Hidalgo’s banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, beginning the war.

-In September 28, 1810, the Siege of Guanajuato took place in history. Hidalgo’s rebel army attacked the city of Guanajuato, a colonial mining center. Spanish officials and colonial elites fortified themselves in the granary (Alhóndiga de Granaditas). The insurgents overran the compound in a bloody battle, killing many Spanish refugees inside. This victory, though marred by the massacre of civilians, was one of the first major rebel successes.

-In October 30, 1810, the Battle of Monte de las Cruces, Hidalgo and his lieutenant Ignacio Allende lead roughly 80,000 ill-equipped rebels toward Mexico City. They clashed with a smaller royalist force on the outskirts of the capital at Monte de las Cruces. The insurgents won the battle, inflicting heavy losses and opening the road to Mexico City. However, despite this triumph, Hidalgo inexplicably ordered a retreat rather than occupying the capital – a decision that forfeited their best chance to end the war quickly.

-In January 17, 1811, the Battle of Calderón Bridge, Royalist troops under General Félix María Calleja cought up with Hidalgo’s forces at the Calderón Bridge near Guadalajara. In a decisive engagement, Calleja’s well-trained army of about 6,000 defeated the much larger insurgent peasant force by using superior discipline and artillery. An explosion of a rebel munitions wagon paniced Hidalgo’s troops, turning the tide against them. This crushing defeat scattered the core rebel army and marked a major turning point – the revolutionary leadership fled northward.

-July 1811: Hidalgo’s Execution. Hidalgo and several rebel leaders (Allende, Juan Aldama, Mariano Jiménez) are captured while attempting to escape toward the United States. Miguel Hidalgo is defrocked and executed by firing squad on July 30. His death is a blow to the insurgency’s first phase, but the torch of rebellion is soon taken up by others.

-Late 1811 – 1815: Morelos Leads the Insurgency. Leadership shifts to José María Morelos y Pavón, a mestizo Catholic priest and former pupil of Hidalgo. Morelos organizes a more disciplined guerrilla army in southern Mexico and scores significant victories. In 1812, he besieges Cuautla and withstands a 72-day siege by Calleja’s forces, eventually breaking out – a moral victory that boosts insurgent morale. Morelos’s army captures the vital port of Acapulco and the city of Oaxaca by giving the rebels control of parts of southern Mexico. During this period, Morelos convenes the Congress of Chilpancingo (September 1813), which issues the Sentimientos de la Nación (“Sentiments of the Nation”) – a document declaring Mexico’s independence, calling for abolition of slavery and caste distinctions, and affirming Catholicism as the state In November 1813, this Congress formally declares independence from Spain, signaling a political vision for a sovereign Mexico.

-December 22, 1815: Morelos’s Capture and Execution. The Spanish eventually gain the upper hand against Morelos. He is defeated and captured in late 1815 while protecting the Congress’s escape. Morelos is tried for treason and executed by colonial. With his death, the insurgency loses its most capable general. Organized rebel resistance fractures into smaller guerrilla bands.

-1816–1820: Guerrilla War and Stalemate. After Morelos’s demise, the fight for independence continues in a decentralized fashion. Insurgent leaders like Vicente Guerrero in the south and Guadalupe Victoria in the east conduct guerrilla warfare in difficult terrain, keeping the rebellion. Neither the royalist army (now under Viceroy Calleja, and later Juan Ruiz de Apodaca) nor the insurgents can deal a finishing blow, resulting in a protracted stalemate. By 1820, the war has devolved into a war of attrition, and large-scale conflict has subsided.

-1820: Liberal Revolution in Spain. A revolution in Spain restores the liberal 1812 Cádiz Constitution, curbing the absolute powers of King Ferdinand VII. This development alarms the conservative elites in New Spain (clergy, military, and wealthy criollos), who fear the Spanish liberal regime will weaken their army. Ironically, many of these once-loyalist conservatives now decide that independence is the preferable option to preserve the status quo in Mexico. Viceroy Apodaca, meanwhile, sends a trusted royalist colonel, Agustín de Iturbide, to finally defeat Guerrero’s guerrillas – a mission that will have unexpected consequences.

-February 24, 1821: Plan of Iguala. In a stunning turn of events, Agustín de Iturbide meets with Vicente Guerrero (according to lore, in the “Abrazo de Acatempan” or Acatempan Embrace) and agrees to join forces with the insurgents rather than fight them. They proclaim the Plan of Iguala, which lays out the framework for an independent Mexico. Its key points, known as the “Three Guarantees,” are: independence from Spain as a constitutional monarchy, union of all social groups (specifically equality between criollos and Peninsular Spaniards), and steadfast allegiance to the Catholic religion with Church privileges intact. The unified Army of the Three Guarantees is formed from Iturbide’s and Guerrero’s combined forces. This alliance shifts the balance overwhelmingly in favor of the independence movement.

-Summer 1821: Collapse of Royalist Resistance. As Iturbide and Guerrero’s Army of the Three Guarantees marches through the country, one Spanish garrison after another switches sides or surrenders without major fighting. By July 1821, the beleaguered Spanish viceroy (Apodaca) is deposed by his own officers, and the new interim authorities enter negotiations with the insurgent. Spain sends a new envoy, Juan O’Donojú, as acting jefe político (political chief) to Mexico. Finding the colonial regime moribund, O’Donojú decides to make peace.

-August 24, 1821: Treaty of Córdoba. Spanish representative Juan O’Donojú meets Iturbide in Córdoba, Veracruz and signs the Treaty of Córdoba, effectively ratifying the Plan of Iguala. The treaty accepts Mexican independence under terms of a constitutional monarchy and recognizes the authority of the Army of the Three Guarantees. (Spain’s government later refuses to ratify this treaty, but on the ground the war is over).

-September 27, 1821: Triumphal Entry into Mexico City. The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City in a festive procession, with Iturbide at the head, to take control of the capital. The insurgent and former royalist forces together celebrate the liberation of the country. The next day, September 28, the Mexican independence act is formally signed in Mexico City, marking the birth of the sovereign Mexican Empire. Spanish colonial rule in Mexico has come to an end.

History.com

Wikipedia

Britannica

Thoughtco

By Violette.

Boxer Rebellion - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help

76 Manchurian Railway Stock Photos, High-Res Pictures, and Images - Getty Images

Boxer Rebellion - Wikipedia

https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/india/10-most-famous-historical-events-that-happened-in-india/

https://www.postoast.com/india-struggle-for-freedom-photos/

Source:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity

Image:

Jesus's entry into jerusalem.

-On February 11, 1966, Cape Town’s District Six was declared a whites-only area under the Group Areas Act of 1950. From 1968, more than 60,000 residents were forcibly relocated to the Cape Flats, over 25 kilometers away. Except for a few religious buildings, the area was demolished during the 1970s, and by 1982, almost all traces of the district were gone.

-Established in 1867, District Six housed nearly 10% of Cape Town’s population and was known for its diverse, vibrant culture. Forced removals began in 1901 and intensified in the 1960s, as the government deemed the area unfit and morally impure. Over the next two decades, it was completely destroyed.

sources

-SAHA - South African History Archive - District Six: Recalling the Forced Removals.” Saha.org.za, 2024, www.saha.org.za/news/2010/February/district_six_recalling_the_forced_removals.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

-District Six." South African History Online, www.sahistory.org.za/place/district-six. Accessed 12 Sept. 2025.

Sources: Porras, Borja Santos. “RWANDA II: 1994 Rwandan Genocide.” Blogspot.com, 2025, flechashacialanada.blogspot.com/2006/10/rwanda-ii-1994-rwandan-genocide.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2025.

Genos Center. “Understanding the 1994 Rwandan Genocide: Facts, Responses & Trials.” Genos Center Foundation, 7 July 2023, genoscenter.org/understanding-the-1994-rwandan-genocide-facts-responses-trials/.Reid, Kathryn. “Rwandan Genocide: Facts, FAQs, and How to Help.” World Vision, 1 Aug. 2023, www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/1994-rwandan-genocide-facts.

After winning the war, Israel took control of several important areas, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. This led to more tension between Israelis and Palestinians, which continues today. The war also changed the balance of power in the region and made the United States a strong supporter of Israel. Many of the issues from that time—like land disputes and the rights of people who lost their homes—are still being debated and fought over now.

sources include but are not limited to britanica.org , bbc.com and https://historycollection.com

'Rum Corps', as it became known, maintained a monopoly.

sources “Rum Rebellion.” Wikipedia, 27 Jan. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Rebellion.

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Discover the architecture – Parliament of Australia

Australian Parliament House celebrates 30th anniversary | ArchitectureAu

Australian Parliament House opened - Parliamentary Education Office

The opening of the new Parliament House Canberra. May 09, 1988. Nachrichtenfoto - Getty Images

Impact of concurring Cusco was that later at 1538-1539 was massive public war and later Cusco got it independence back and made kingdom of Peru

History of Cusco - Wikipedia