• Learning is a change in behavior shaped by stimuli and responses.

• Reinforcement (rewards/punishments) strengthens learning.

• Focuses on observable, measurable outcomes.

Key Theorists

• B.F. Skinner – Operant conditioning.

• John Watson – Classical conditioning in behavior.

• Ivan Pavlov – Conditioning experiments with dogs.

Instructional Example

• Using gamification: Points, badges, or stars given to students for correct answers.

• Repetition drills and flashcards for memorization.

• Learning is the process of acquiring and organizing information into memory.

• Mental processes like attention, perception, and problem-solving are central.

• Learners are active participants in structuring knowledge.

Key Theorists

• Jean Piaget – Stages of cognitive development.

• Jerome Bruner – Discovery learning and scaffolding.

• David Ausubel – Meaningful learning and advance organizers.

Instructional Example

• Using graphic organizers (like concept maps) to help students connect new knowledge to prior knowledge.

• Breaking complex tasks into smaller steps to support memory.

• Learners actively construct knowledge through experiences.

• Emphasizes collaboration, problem-solving, and real-world application.

• Teachers act as facilitators rather than transmitters of knowledge.

Key Theorists

• Lev Vygotsky – Zone of Proximal Development, social learning.

• John Dewey – Learning through experience.

• Jean Piaget – Constructivist views of knowledge building.

Instructional Example

• Project-Based Learning: Students work on real-world problems, building knowledge collaboratively.

• Using simulations, case studies, or role-playing activities.