https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz An annotated timeline which shows how laws and historical events impact students and families, classrooms, and schools today. en-us 2021-06-27 23:37:39 UTC 2021-06-28 15:42:44 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f3eb.png heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627355371 This amendment, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War, declares in part: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 00:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627355371 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627364244 In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court issued its now infamous decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that "separate but equal" public facilities, including school systems, are constitutional. (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 00:11:51 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627364244 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627427142 This allowed students of color access to an educational community but this community was segregated from the the white community. Students of color received "less than equal" facilities, resources, and curriculum.]]> 2021-06-28 00:50:02 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627427142 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627502589 Perhaps the most important court decision regarding the education of language-minority students. This case was brought forward by Chinese American students in the San Francisco Unified School District who were placed in mainstream classrooms despite their lack of proficiency in English, and left to "sink or swim." (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 01:34:38 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627502589 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627505777 Effective, individualized instructional practices and assessments were not used for the students placed in this learning environment. It makes clear that schools cannot ignore the unique language and educational needs of ELL students. Bilingual programs were reassessed and enlarged at the school and it created bilingual programs at other schools where they were needed.]]> 2021-06-28 01:36:27 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627505777 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627518181
"No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin by the failure of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs." (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 01:43:49 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627518181 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627524348 The court ordered the district to create a plan and implement language programs that would help Mexican American students learn English and adjust to American culture and also help Anglo students learn Spanish. (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 01:47:48 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627524348 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627527834 Through the testimony of José Cardenas the court identified the role of culture in language development and academic success and the value of community involvement in the schools. This case created a more equitable learning environment for Mexican American students and allowed families to become more involved in their child's education.]]> 2021-06-28 01:49:52 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627527834 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627579858 This was the first case to raise the issue of bilingual education outside of the context of desegregation. A white majority school in New Mexico failed to meet the needs of its Spanish students. The court found the school's program for these students to be inadequate. (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 02:22:01 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627579858 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627589498 Legal action taken by Puerto Rican parents and children in New York resulted in the Aspira Consent Decree, which mandates transitional bilingual programs for Spanish-surnamed students found to be more proficient in Spanish than English. (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 02:27:45 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627589498 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627598051 Bilingual programs were reassessed in relation to heritage language proficiency of students to promote English language learning and academic success.]]> 2021-06-28 02:33:00 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627598051 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627604440 Puerto Rican parents brought suit claiming that many so-called bilingual education programs were not bilingual but based mainly on ESL. The federal court found the district's bilingual programs to be woefully inadequate. The program was lacking educators knowledgeable of how dynamic academic, personal, familial, cultural, and social contexts affect MLL's academic success. There was an absence of a clearly defined curriculum, clear entrance and exit criteria, and firm guidelines about how much instruction should be in the native language of the students. (Wright,2010)]]> 2021-06-28 02:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627604440 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627646215 Parents of MLL's became involved and communicated what their student needed from the school, district and state. This supreme court case provided students with bilingual programs and procedures for determining placement of students.]]> 2021-06-28 03:02:50 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627646215 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627662626 2021-06-28 03:13:40 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627662626 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627665582 2021-06-28 03:15:34 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627665582 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627675501 2021-06-28 03:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627675501 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627701130 Establishes federal policy for bilingual education for economically disadvantaged language minority students, allocates funds for innovative programs, and recognizes the unique educational disadvantages faced by non-English speaking students.(Colorin Colorado)]]> 2021-06-28 03:38:27 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627701130 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627708956 Emphasize the strictly transitional nature of native language instruction, expand eligibility to students who are limited English proficient (LEP), and permit enrollment of English-speaking students in bilingual programs. (Colorin Colorado)]]> 2021-06-28 03:43:44 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627708956 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627712029 2021-06-28 03:46:01 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627712029 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627717169 Under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, the state does not have the right to deny a free public education to undocumented immigrant children. (Colorin Colorado)]]> 2021-06-28 03:49:51 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627717169 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627718923 Parents of MLL's became involved and communicated that the bilingual program did not address the unique language and educational needs of its students. The bilingual programs were reassessed in relation to effective, individualized instructional and assessment practices.]]> 2021-06-28 03:51:12 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627718923 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627728523 In responding to the plaintiffs' claim that Raymondville, Texas Independent School District's language remediation programs violated the Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals formulated a set of basic standards to determine school district compliance with EEOA. (Colorin Colorado)]]> 2021-06-28 03:58:43 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627728523 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627730413

1. Theory: The school must pursue a program based on an educational theory recognized as sound or, at least, as a legitimate experimental strategy
2. Practice: The school must actually implement the program with instructional practices, resources, and personnel necessary to transfer theory to reality
3. Results: The school must not persist in a program that fails to produce results.

]]> 2021-06-28 04:00:17 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627730413 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627734533 A U.S. District Court found that a Denver public school district had failed to adequately implement a plan for language minority students, which is the second element of the "Castañeda Test." (Colorin Colorado)]]> 2021-06-28 04:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1627734533 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628368103 The personal characteristics of ELL students, especially the role of cultural identity and language, contributed to the development of effective instructional practices and provided funds for bilingual programs.]]> 2021-06-28 13:24:06 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628368103 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628447193 Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in the operation of all federally assisted programs.]]> 2021-06-28 14:12:39 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628447193 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628452824 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. ]]> 2021-06-28 14:16:07 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628452824 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628459853 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. ]]> 2021-06-28 14:20:32 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628459853 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628488274 Specified proper approaches, methods and procedures for (1) identifying and evaluating national-origin-minority students' English-language skills; (2) determining appropriate instructional treatments; (3) deciding when LEP students were ready for mainstream classes; and (4) determining the professional standards to be met by teachers of language-minority children. Under the Lau Remedies, elementary schools were generally required to provide LEP students special English-as-a-second-language instruction as well as academic subject-matter instruction through the students' strongest language until the student achieved proficiency in English sufficient to learn effectively in a monolingual English classroom. (Wright, 2010)]]> 2021-06-28 14:39:25 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628488274 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628500368 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. ]]> 2021-06-28 14:47:19 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628500368 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628502103 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. ]]> 2021-06-28 14:48:29 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628502103 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628551058 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. A major outcome of this case is a three-pronged test to determine whether schools are taking "appropriate action" to address the needs of ELLs as required by the EEOA.]]> 2021-06-28 15:20:04 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628551058 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628554318 Colorado state law and federal law, history and socio-political context related to CLD student populations, education, multicultural education and bilingual education. ]]> 2021-06-28 15:22:15 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628554318 heb0189891 https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628558236 Effective, individualized instructional practices and assessments were not used for the students placed in this learning environment. Bilingual programs were reassessed in relation to heritage language proficiency of students to promote English language learning and academic success.]]> 2021-06-28 15:24:54 UTC https://padlet.com/heb0189891/bwelllz38wchcgwz/wish/1628558236