2.5 million years ago: Paleolithic Era begins. Early humans developed tools and migrated out of Africa. 

10,000 BCE: Neolithic Revolution; Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.

3,000 BCE: First use of metals during the Bronze Age.

3100 BCE: Ancient Egypt emerges along the Nile; Pharaoh Narmer unites Egypt; Known for pyramids and hieroglyphics

3000 BCE: Mesopotamian Civilization develops in the Fertile Crescent; Hammurabi’s Code (1754 BCE) creates the first codified laws

2500 BCE: Indus Valley Civilization is thriving (Harappan civilization, The Mohenjo-Daro) with advanced urban planning for cities

570 CE: Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, leading to the rise of Islam in the 7th century.

800 CE: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor

1095-1291 CE: The Crusades begin, aiming to reclaim the Holy Land.

1206 CE: Rise of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, initiating global connectivity.

In 1270; Mongols conquered South China; Yuan dynasty established.

In 1200; Spread new and influential agricultural developments across the world.

“Period of Classical States”

In 1206; the Establishment of an independent Muslim Turkic government in Delhi, Sultanate.

In 1225-1400; Tran Dynasty ruled the Dai Viet kingdom.

In 1368-1405; Timur ruthlessly attacked much of South and Southeast Asia.

In 1200; the Haudenosaunee Confederation; was the plan between Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes to unite in a confederation and live in peace.

In 1250; the Inca expanded their land in South America through military conquest.

In 1325; Aztecs began to build Tenochtitlan.

In 1250-1450; Mayapan was the cultural and political center of the Maya civilization until they abruptly abandoned it in 1450.

In 1200; The States of Tyo and Kongo emerged.

Around 1300; The Creation of Sofala, a new Swahili city-state, was due to demand for gold and trade.

In 1450; The Kongo kings ruled over their neighboring states as well, displaying the immense power they had.

In 1215; The Magna Carta, a great charter issued by King John of England, was signed, representing mutual limits in power.

In 1200; Artisans were crafting goods with the intent of trading them thousands of miles away along trade routes.

In the 13th and early 14th centuries; Trade along the Silk Road intensified due to increased demand for Chinese, Persian, and Indian goods.

Maritime trading across the Indian Ocean ramped up due to predictable weather patterns and improved technology.

Mediterranean and Trans-Saharan trade helped states such as Mali and Songhai to expand as they helped merchants improve trade in the region.

The installment of nation-states across Europe had blossomed from patrons’ power growing in the 1400s.

By 1480, Ivan III created an independent Russia by refusing to pay for the Mongol's tribute and installing a focus on the military as well as Orthodox Christianity.

From around the mid-1500s to the mid-1700s, Muslim Empires such as the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires all had established broken territory over Turkic lands and Southern Asia.

Ottoman empires relied heavily on taxes on agriculture in which the tax was sent to the local landlord or aristocrat who then paid a portion to the central government.

The long and ruling system of serfdom over Russia throughout the 16th century had finally been abolished in 1861 long after Peter the Great’s reforms to Russian society.

The late Ming dynasty relied on powerful land-owners and had weaker military leaders compared to the simultaneous Ottoman and Mughal empires having a strong military focus.

In the early 1500s, Sunni and Shi’a schools of Islam had seen divisions in agreeing on who was the rightful caliph following Muhammad’s death.

In 1550, the Protestant Reformation took place in which the power of the Roman Catholic Church started to face challenges by the people of Europe.

Sects or branches of Roman Catholicism, including those like Calvinism, spread throughout the 1600s.

During the 1350 - 1600s, the Renaissance saw great innovations and outside-the-box thinking, like the printing press being invented in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg, which allowed the spread of the Bible.

In 1492, the Columbian Exchange had caused not only the transfer of goods, animals, and slaves but it had also led to larger innovations such as Transatlantic Slave Ships designated to carry mass amounts of slaves.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed in hopes of finding Indian lands but instead encountered the Americas and the Western Hemisphere.

In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set sail across the globe.

In the 1570’s; Spain had established a thriving trade sending silver to South and Southeast Asia through the Philippines.

Transferred crops, foods, animals, slaves, and diseases between Europe, South America, and Africa.

Between 80-95% of the Native population in the Americas died.

Connected the whole world through the establishment of new trade routes.

Spread of new diseases such as smallpox, measles, mumps, whooping cough, cholera, influenza, chicken pox, typhus and more.

In 1590; The Spanish Empire controlled the Caribbean, Mexico, and the Andes, the Philippines, parts of North Africa and the Mediterranean, as well as eastern Canada. Portugal controlled Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of India.