Application of genome editing in improving microbial production of terpenoids 

Fertilizer-drawn Forward Osmosis: Nutrient Recovery and Fertilizer Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY: ENTREPRENEURIAL ALERTNESS AND COMMITMENT IN PURSUING GOVERNMENT FUNDING 

A new blood screening biomarker test has been developed to facilitate the non-invasive detection at early stages of tumor development and perhaps may be useful for the diagnosis of CRC.Various genes including PPP1R3C, EFHD1, SDC2, NEUROG1, NGFR and TMEFF2 have emerged as a potential blood-based methylation markers for early detection of CRC with sensitivities ranges from 51% to 96% (Takane et al., 2014; Oh et al., 2013; Herbst et al., 2011; Lofton-Day et al., 2008). 

Interestingly, a blood based assay that detects methylated Septin 9 gene (Sept9) has been commercialized by Epigenomics AG (Belin, Germany) for use in diagnostic test. This assay is currently being marketed in several countries and it provides overall sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 85% for the detection of methylated Sept9 in CRC patients. The Sept9 gene belongs to a class of GTPase and methylation at promoter region of this gene is known to be associated with CRC, thus warranting its use for blood based CRC screening (Sharif et al.,2016). In addition, Toth et al. have investigated the sensitivity and specificity of this gene in blood as a potential biomarker for CRC. They validated on 34 CRC patients and 24 healthy controls. Out of 34 CRC patients, 33 had positive methylation and no methylation was found in healthy controls (Toth et al., 2012). Therefore, this biomarker would clearly be very meaningful for clinical use.  

 

Pengaruh Strategi Pemilihan dan Pembuatan Keputusan Ke atas Keberkesanan Pelan Pewarisan Jawatan Pengurusan Tertinggi dan Prestasi Kakitangan Di Universiti Awam Malaysia

Dalam era revolusi industri 4.0 masa kini, para pendidik perlu melangkah dengan lebih maju ke hadapan agar dapat memberi nafas baru terhadap inovasi pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Arab. Revolusi dan inovasi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran merupakan satu usaha yang murni dan sukar kerana bagi mencetuskan idea dan kaedah pembaharuan memerlukan kepada daya cipta yang kreatif dalam pelbagai aspek bukan sahaja tertumpu kepada peningkatan kualiti sistem pendidikan bahkan juga perlu seiringan dengan penggunaan aplikasi teknologi dalam peningkatan kualiti tersebut. Pembaharuan yang diperkenalkan dalam konteks pendidikan pada masa dahulu dan kini lebih bersifat kontemporari dan mampu merangsang motivasi pelajar. Flores (2015) menyatakan bidang pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa kedua menjadi lebih berorientasikan teknologi dan hal ini bersesuaian dengan pendekatan berdasarkan gamifikasi atau lebih dikenali dengan Games Based Learning (GBL) yang mana menggunakan kaedah pemusatan pelajar yang dapat menarik minat dan menggalakkan pelajar dalam bidang pendidikan, tidak terkecuali kepada pembelajaran bahasa kedua (Simoes et al. 2015).

Pengalaman yang sedia ada pada masa kini telah membuktikan bahawa kursus dalam talian (online courses) adalah alat pemotivasi yang sangat baik yang menyokong proses pendidikan termasuk juga pendidikan bahasa asing (Hubackova et al. 2015). Di samping itu, menerusi kajian Lucas (2017) telah menyatakan, kanak-kanak menjadi lebih fokus terhadap pembelajaran menerusi permainan. Maka, perlu ada kaedah pembelajaran teradun (blended learning) yang menggabungkan pembelajaran dan teknologi bagi mengekalkan minat kanak-kanak terhadap pembelajaran agar dapat mengoptimumkan penerimaan mereka terhadap ilmu yang disampaikan. 

The anthropometric features incorporate the human body size. This feature has an impact on the seat design by ensuring the occupants’ posture while sitting on the seat is comfortable. The sitting posture has a linear measurement with the sitting height, total height, vertebral column or arm span in limbs angle joint (Kyung et al. 2010). There are few considerations  during designing the seat, such as driver anthropometry, posture and shape of seat which can affect the drivers’comfort and safety. In the early stage of seat design, it should integrate with the backrest adjustment, seat pan adaptation, route preference, and pathway locomotion to fabricate the seat perfectly (Reynolds, Herbert Paul 2018) 

As an opportunistic pathogen, A. baumannii strain has more virulence potential than it counterparts of Acinetobacter species (Touchon et al., 2014). Most of the research on A. baumannii virulence mechanism were conducted by comparing and identifying homologous virulence mechanism with other pathogens (Lee et al., 2003 ; Paterson, 2006 ; Adams et al., 2006). Thus, as A. baumannii is also one of the ESKAPE organisms, homologous virulence molecular determinants are identified by comparing with other ESKAPE pathogens including Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Fournier et al., 2006). As for P. aeruginosa, the infections mode are organised into two discrete phases, acute and chronic phases where the transition from free-living to biofilm physiology is marked as the beginning of the chronic phase (Navon-Venezia, Ben-Ami & Carmeli, 2005). However, there is no such review on distinct infection phases reported in A. baumannii despite its homologous virulence mechanism with P. aeruginosa. The transition of A. baumannii from free-living bacteria to biofilm encapsulated is depending on the signals including bacterial density, nutrients and free cations availability which has been excellently reviewed in Ghannoum & O’Toole (2005). The ability of A. baumannii to remain its infectious ability even after a duration of starvation is definitely the main feature attributed to its lucrative chronic phase infection (Chapartegui-González et al., 2018). Nevertheless, in contrast with P. aeruginosa chronic phase dormancy strategy (Kim et al., 2008), research by Bravo et al., (2016) reveals that A. baumanii did not transition into dormant state in nutrient and water limitation. This strategy might have contributed to the high efficiency of A. baumannii infection strategy as the bacterial remains viable and persevere even in a desiccated environment. 

           Secara amnya, manifestasi klinikal PCOS dalam pesakit melibatkan gangguan endokrin, iaitu androgen berlebihan, kegagalan ovulasi dan morfologi ovari yang berpolisistik, adalah seperti wujudnya ciri-ciri hirsutisme (pertumbuhan bulu di bahagian anggota badan tertentu seperti di muka, dada dan lain-lain), haid yang tidak teratur dan kewujudan folikel yang banyak dalam ovari (Nandi, Chen & Poretsky 2014). Selain itu, PCOS juga akan menyebabkan masalah metabolik seperti kerintangan insulin dan hiperinsulinemia yang mendorong kepada risiko penyakit-penyakit lain seperti diabetes dan penyakit kardiovaskular (Pate 2014). Pesakit PCOS juga mengalami apnea tidur, penyakit hati dan berisiko tinggi untuk mendapat gangguan emosi terutamanya depresi dan keresahan (Trikudanathan 2015).  Kadar kelaziman pesakit PCOS berbeza di serata dunia, kira-kira antara 2.2% hingga 26.7% bergantung kepada kaedah diagnosis PCOS (Tehrani & Behboudi-Gandevani, 2015). Peratusan wanita yang mengalami PCOS juga dilaporkan berbeza berdasarkan simptom yang dialami kerana manifestasi klinikal bagi PCOS adalah berbeza bagi setiap individu (Pate & Sirmanss, 2014).

Science or Natural Sciences (IPA) related by finding out about nature systematically, so that science is not a collection of knowledge in the form of facts, concepts, or principles sake only, but also a process of discovery and the process of applying knowledge and proficiency to solve the problem of the nature around or apply the knowledge to produce technological products. 

 

Based on the charge contained in the lower secondary school science curriculum in 2004 is inevitable that the activities of labor play an important role in the learning of science. Practical work is very relevant not only to enable learners as well to help learners develop competencies. Because the main purpose of practical work is "to train the students to work scientifically to acquire the knowledge, skills, and scientific value" (MONE, 2004: 110). One is the result of research Mohamad Nur, et al (1998: 16) found that "learners show high interest when introduced and trained how to use the tools of labor and enjoy participating in practical science and process skills of learners can be increased significantly over a relatively short time ". 

 

Curriculum 2013 change must necessarily require a learning process are basically a scientific approach to all subjects. The learning process based on scientific approach aims to strengthen the active learning of students 'notified' to students 'figuring out' (Kemdikbud 2013). and curriculum 2013 support for learning experiments, McCollum (2009) explains that the critical components in teaching using the approach scientific who are teachers should present the learning that can improve curiosity (foster a sense of wonder), increase proficiency pay attention (encourage observation), analysis (push for analysis) and communication (require communication). 

 

When learners involved practical work in science learning, they are directly confronted with objects or natural phenomena that can stimulate the mind too active thinking and processing information obtained through observation. When learners process information, at the same time they also can acquire the knowledge and skills at the same time to process the information. Some research says that the activities of labor a positive impact on activity and learning outcomes of students. Suhermi and Sehatta (2002: 103) concluded that "implementation of cooperative learning STAD using the minilab can increase the average value of the last of learners by 31.35 points, or 49.9%", as well as the research results Rusmiyanti (1998: i) revealed that "the development of practical activities through mini-lab activities can improve the quality of learners". Similarly, research results Masykur et al (1999: 41) on the development package science teaching skills based process concluded that 'overall understanding of the concept of science for students to learn science by using packet science teaching skills based process is better than learners who learn science in accordance with the design Teacher ". In fact, there are many low-medium schools are not optimal in conducting Labor and apply. 

 

Kajian oleh Gamache, J. F. dan Houze, R. A. Jr. (1982) pula merupakan antara kajian terawal bagi garis badai di kawasan tropika. Dengan menggunakan komposit pencerapan radar dan angin, mereka mendapati bahawa terdapat dua ciri peredaran yang berasingan untuk pembentukan garis badai tropika, iaitu kawasan perolakan garis badai (a convective squall-line region) dan kawasan anvil (a stratiform anvil region). Kawasan perolakan garis badai dicirikan oleh penumpuan lapisan udara pada skala meso, di mana berlakunya arus udara menaik yang kuat serta pencapahan (divergence) pada paras pertengahan dan atas yang dikaitkan dengan aliran keluar dari sel awan ribut petir. Kawasan anvil pula dicirikan oleh penumpuan udara pada paras pertengahan, di mana berlakunya kedua-dua arus udara menurun dan menaik. Menurut mereka juga, angin ricih pada paras troposfera rendah adalah sangat penting bagi pembentukan sebuah garis badai, manakala angin ricih pada paras tengah dan atas merupakan faktor yang menyokong proses ini. 

Bagi Kepulauan Borneo, banyak kajian telah dilakukan mengenai kitaran harian (diurnal cycle, DC) dan kitaran tahunan (annual cycle, AC), tetapi kajian mengenai fenomena spesifik seperti garis badai adalah terhad. Namun begitu, kajian yang menjelaskan mengenai DC boleh dijadikan rujukan bagi fenomena garis badai kerana fenomena ini turut meliputi perkara yang berlaku dalam DC. Salah satu contoh kajian yang menjelaskan mengenai DC dan fenomena garis badai adalah oleh Ichikawa et. al. (2006). Mereka mendedahkan bahawa terdapat satu ciri menarik pada aktiviti hujan di Kepulauan Borneo, iaitu pembentukan hujan di kawasan pedalaman pada waktu tengah malam dan bergerak ke kawasan pantai pada waktu pagi. Selain itu, Ichikawa et. al. (2006) mendedahkan bahawa di kawasan luar pesisir pantai, ribut berkembang di rantau Laut China Selatan, menyebabkan hujan lebat dari tengah malam hingga ke pagi.

 

(Duranti, 1997)

 

Dalam erti kata lainnya, dengan bahasa, kepercayaan dan amalan dalam sesuatu budaya boleh diketahui dan dipelajari bahkan boleh diwarisi dari generasi yang terdahulu. Salah satu sistem masyarakat Melayu dahulu untuk berhubung dan berinteraksi boleh dilihat dari segi mereka berbahasa. Menurut Mohd Hamdan Adnan dan Zulkarnaen Nasution (1992), Abdullah Hussain (1989), setiap bahasa yang mewakili masyarakat yang bertamadun di dunia memiliki sejenis ragam bahasa yang dikenali sebagai peribahasa dan  peribahasa sesuatu bangsa itu mencerminkan watak bangsa itu. Peribahasa ialah satu mainan berbahasa yang masyarakat gunakan untuk menyampaikan buah fikiran, pandangan, sindiran, teguran dan peringatan.