(b) What is the principle behind the separation technique?

(c) What are the steps involved in the separation technique?

b) The basic principle that different liquids boil at different temperatures. So when a mixture is heated, the substance with lower boiling point starts to boil first and convert into vapours which can be then collected separately.

c) The process of distillation begins with heating a liquid to boiling point. The liquid evaporates, forming a vapor. The vapor is then cooled, usually by passing it through pipes or tubes at a lower temperature. The cooled vapor then condenses, forming a distillate.

b)The principle of filtration is that substances with particle size larger than the pore size of filter paper are retained on the filter paper and the rest of the fluid passes through it.

c)the mixture is poured through a funnel lined with a filter paper, the filtrate drips through to the filter flask, the solid remains in the funnel

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b) The solvent changes state from liquid to gas at a much lower temperature than the solute. This allows the solvent to be removed from the solutes, leaving behind the solute as residue.

c) 1- Heat is applied to the salt solution. This speeds up the change of water to water vapour.

2- Water changes state at a lower temperature than salt. Thus, salt is left behind as residue.

Sugar water blend to separate sugar and water. (2 constituents and physical state is liquid)

Ethanol-water mixture to separate ethanol from water in the production of hard liquor (2 constituents and physical state is liquid)

b) The basic principle behind separation technique is that a mixture employs a special property of one of the components of the mixture.

c) The basic principle behind the distillation process is that the different liquids boil at different temperatures.

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(b) Magnetic substances such as iron and steel are attracted to a magnet. Steel is a mixture of iron and other elements. Other substances such as plastic and paper are non-magnetic. Thus , we can use a magnet to separate magnetic substances from non-magnetic substances.

(c) 1. Get a magnet.

2. Place the magnet near the mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic materials.

3. The magnetic materials will get attracted to the magnet , hence being separated from the non-magnetic materials.

b)Chromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.

c) Step 1:Draw a line near the bottom of a strip of filter paper. This will be the start line. Place a drop of ink on the startline.

Step 2: Dip the filter paper into a beaker with a small volume of water.

Step 3:The solvent travels up the filter paper together with the constituent substances in the ink because of capillary action.

Step 4: Observe which coloured substance travelled the longest distance up the filter paper, which would be the most soluble in the solvent. Observe which substance remained at the start line, as it would be insoluble in the solvent.

Step 5: Thus, the substances in the ink are now separated using paper chromatography.

b)a solute (solid) and solvent (liquid) can be separated using evaporation. The solvent changes from a liquid to gas at a much lower temperature than the solute.This allows the solvent to be removed from the solute, leaving behind the solute as the residue.

c)step 1: heat is applied to the salt solution this speeds change of water into water vapour

step 2: water changes state at a lower temperature than salt. Thus, salt is left behind as the residue.

b) The principle used in paper chromatography is mainly partition chromatography. In this technique, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase in paper chromatography is the water trapped between the cellulose fibers of the paper, while the mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples with it. Components of the sample separate based on how strongly they adsorb onto the stationary phase compared to how they interact with the mobile phase

c) 1) application of the sample, 2) "developing" the chromatogram by allowing the mobile phase to move up the paper, and 3) calculating Rf values and making conclusions.