For a long time the society has this statement and the absolute monarchy.

The only information they received was on the church.

The Enlightenment was on the 17th-18th century. A group of commoners with a little of money, the bougeois. The bourgeois started to do "nogocios" and earm money to study, they began to see that privilege were staling their money.

On the 1780's Frances has an economic crisis. Inducing the monarchy was in bankrupt, the king plant to borrow money from nobility and clergy.

France wanted to annoy the colonies of UK money to the USA. It wanted to annoy because they were in several wars.

On January 21, 1790 the king was being have the enlightenment write a declaration. This is the origin of the Drets Humans because the woman and the black people were out of the privilege. The killed a lot of people in the Guillotine. There Killed a lot of people in the absolute of the other countries want to help the absolute monarchy of France.

After that, France and Europe bib people to vote, what happens in France is the inspiration to other countries to do the same.

It begins in the middle of the eighteen century (1/2XVIII).

In Uk they began the First Industrial Revolution people say that there has been a lot of industrial revolution in every country.

Why in Uk? Uk has 13 colonies that now are the USA. These colonies have cotton. The 13 colonies were revolution because they were tired that UK stole all their privileges like cotton, that was too expensive. Another reason is islands, the USA not USA at this moment, are not connected with Europe, it means that there were not involved in the European wars. They have a Constitutional Monarchy. When they discovered that the mineral coal has more advantages than wood, Cotton for the subject of

textiles, coal it's about machines.

How the industrial revolution changed the society?

• Social classes society

  • STATE: Privileged are on the top of the pyramid and the not privileged (Burgoise) in the lower part.

    There is NO opportunity to change.

  • NOW: The Burgoise are on the top of the pyramid.

    There is opportunity to change.

  
  

He believed all countries should become capitalist and develop that productive capacity, and then workers would naturally revolt, leading to communism where by the workers would become the dominant social class and collectively control the means of production.

The painting symbolizes the freedom of non-privileged people, the author uses colors of the new flag, we can see it in several places in the painting, such as the women who are looking the other women with the flag on the hand, in the background of the painting in the sky...

The French flag represents: the blue color the equality, the white color the liberty and the color red the fraternity

In this period of time, Spain was happened two things:

• Restoration crisis:

  It's from 1898 to 1923. Alfonso XIII was the king of Spain is from a Bourbon family since the Succession war. There were two political parties: Conservely party & Liberal parties.

Spain lost Puerto Rico, Philippines and Cuba.

Guam are small islands, and was from Spain, but after Spain lost the other islands sold Guam to Germany in 1931.

From 1868 to 1878 was the first war of independence of Cuba

Then, in 1891, was created the Anomzels laws. It’s obligate to high the taxes when articles like sugar and tobacco arrived.

From 1895 to 1898 was the second war of independence of Cuba for different reasons. And in this war, United States it also joined the war with Cuba.

From 1896 to 1898 Spain lost Philippines

And in 1897 Spain lost Puerto Rico

• Dictatorship: By Miguel Primo de Rivera, 

Lasted from 1923 to 1931.

When Miguel Primo de Rivera began to lead with the complicity of Alfonso XIII, the king of Spain, there were two types of dictatorship:

• The Military dictatorship

• The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III. In that time, Italy was a monarchy and push the dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism. 

Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

First that did Miguel Primo de Rivera was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

His reign consisted mainly of consolidating the monarchy and institutional stability, repairing the damage that the internal struggles of the years of the so-called Revolutionary Sexennium had left behind, earning him the nickname "the Peacemaker."

In 1898 the United States and Spain went to war over the political future of Cuba. At the end of the conflict, the world's distribution of imperial power had dramatically changed, the old Spanish empire giving way to the imperialist ambitions of the young American nation.

Majority union in the north of Spain and Madrid

NCL(CNT in Spanish): The CNT (National Confederation of Labor) is a Spanish union of anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist orientation, founded in 1910. It is connected with its founding role in the fight for the defense of labor and social rights, as well as its continued involvement in the Social Revolution. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Majority union in Catalonia and Andalusia. (It is said that you have more partners than the Barça)

At 1893 a person throw an orisin bomb from the "galliner" and it died 20 people. There were two bombs but only one make BOM.

Barcelona was known like "Rosa de foc" because at least they set up a barricade. The barricade consisted of erecting something of metal and laying cobblestones.

They make an acudit because army of Spain don't won anything (battles), so they become so angry.

From the army they made the law of "Juridiccions" it means that no one can make pranks or joke about them.

In 25th of November 1905 the army destroyed the office of Cu-Cut.

From 1907-1927, Spain was in war with the North of Africa (Rif). From 1927 the situation is established.

They won this war.

Military service was completely obligatory or not if you paid a quantity of money, the bourgeois it didn't go.

Men were the only who went the salary of all the family, and if the men went to the war, the family wouldn't get their salary.

The revolt begins at the harbor, where the families wouldn't let anyone board.

He thinks that the boys and the girls have to go together to school, but they filled him on the Castl oef Monjuic because he was, or they think, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was the "Cap de turc".

The russian revolution was the precursor for other revolution.

The revolution was communist and they follow the principal ideas of Marx. Russian people were the first that take into accouns the liebral revolution.

The Russian country passed from an absolute monarchy( Lead by the Tsar king and empear) to a communist country.

Marx said that if they wanted a communist country first they had pass by a dictatorship and finally when they got stable, would'nt be need. The communism usually first was a dictartorship and finally a republic, but some countries don't overcome the dictatorship.

The leader of this revolution is vladimir lenin puring the 1st world war the German empire was an the war front attacking Russian empire and that cause an increase of logistical problems causing shortages of beard and grain. And the russiaan army was steadily losing morale, withlarges scale mutiny looming.High officials were convinced that if Tsar Nichalasll abdicated urest would subside, for this reason Nicholas agreed and stepped down us hering in a new provisional goverment led by the Russian Duma (The parlicment).

On March 10, 1923, one hundred years ago, gunmen shot and killed trade unionists Salvador Seguí and Francesc Comas, murders that shook Catalan society. The cover of "La Campana de Gràcia" which was published after Seguí is death. ARK.

The Canadian strike began in 1919, requiring workers to work an eight-hour workday.

Salvador Seguí was the leader, and he was murdered in the middle of Barcelona.

All the politic power was on Madrid. There weren't Autonomic.

In communities, they appear after the second revolution.

The unic division that it exist is Provinces, they have Provincial diputation. They distributed budgets to different provinces.

The national parties like Gallegisme, Vasquisme, Catalisme...

They understand their provinces like collaborate, this is a precedent of Autonomic communities. After the second Republic, it started the generality of Catalonia.

The public liberies are directed by the Provincial Diputation

1914 - 1917 -- Enric Prat de la Riba

1917-1923 -- Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923-1925 -- Alfons Sala -- Primo de Rivera-1917 -- say to him to dissemble all thatbthey have done.

Pomper Fabra, was the first to do a Catalan dictionary and the orthographic rules.

Francesc Carbó was an important person on the political situation.

• Was born on july 16, 1863

• He was did on april 11, 1945.

  
  

• He was born on February 20, 1868 and died on December 25, 1848.

• Was a Spanish industrial engineer and grammarian known for having established the modern rules of the Catalan language
  

This war began in 1921 and finished with the victory of France and Spain in 1925.

Ceuta/Melilla has been a Spanish territory since the 17th century

France and Spain share Morocco. France occupies the Riffian part.

Before, Morocco was a sultanate, meaning that the country was governed by a sultan.

During Franco's regime, Spain and France left Morocco in 1956, and here is when Morocco became a nation except for Spain, which remained in Western Sahara until 1975.

Approximately 10,000 soldiers have died in just two weeks. They have opened an investigation to see if they can try to move forward on who was responsible, it is called the Picasso Expedient.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, with the help and agreement of Alfonso XIII, carried out a coup d'état, and that is why the Picasso Expedient is stopped and never comes to light again.

Goals of the 2nd republic:

• Separate the church to the state

• Modernizing the Army

• Modernize education. For the first time in Spain, there have been educational centers.

• Carry out agricultural reforms

• For the first time in Spain, there are territorial reforms ⇾ they wanted to create autonomous communities (more inclined to Catalanism and nationalism).

Constitution:

The first constitution in Spain was written in 1931, and the second constitution and actual constitution is in 1978.

The first constitution:

• Said that Spain is an integral state (is probably created (autonomous regional governments (E.g., Generalitat de Catalunya))

• Universal suffrage ⇾ It refers to man and woman, in 1931 the first time in Spain.

  ⇾ The first time that women vote in 1933

• The constitution said that Spain is non-confessional state, the first time is Spain.

• For the first time, there is a significant expansion of individual rights.

Republicanism:

Starts in 25 July 1938 to 16 November.

They want republic and not monarchy.

Thirty thousand casualties in the Battle of Ebro. Franco's troops wanted to conquer Valencia. And the second objective was an international objective, that is, to prolong the war as much as possible to see if they succeed, and it connects with the Second World War. The fifth of the Biberó or the Lleva of the Biberó were the boys of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen years old who were going to fight in the ranks against the front.

Franco ⇾ Germany/Italy/Portugal

Republic ⇾ USSR and the international brigades (Volunteers from all over the world)

The trull is a warehouse, where they kept oil, flour, etc. And thanks to this, many people have been saved.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

When the coup d’état failed, The general Mola from Spain, the general Godel from the Balearic Islands and the general Franco from the Canary Islands started to planning another coup d’état. As his companions died, Franco climbed the position, and he becomes the dictator he moved to the North of Africa, and with the help of Germany he sent troops to Spain. The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938) The Republicanism lost the war, but why? The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the

nationalist but also with them. The idea of the Ebro Battle was to extend the war until the Second World war to have the help Of France and Great Britain because their soldiers were voluntaries.

• Universal suffrage (The church is against it)

• Church (State) (The church is against it)

• Moderation army  (The army is against it)

• Public education (The church is against it)

• Land reform (The nobility and terratinent are against it)

• Territorial (The army is against it)

For the first time, autonomous communities are accepted, both men and women can vote, right to divorce, right to civil marriage.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

USSR helps the Republic ⇾ The Republicans had to give the Russians gold in exchange for military aid.

International brigades ⇾ People who voluntarily come from all over the world to help the Republicans.

The first Spanish Republic only tough 9 months.

• The Military dictatorship

• The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III. In that time, Italy was a monarchy and push the dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism. 

Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

First that did Miguel Primo de Rivera was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

He was a Spanish politician and military man of republican and Catalan independence ideology, former colonel of the army, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia and one of the founders of the Catalan State and Esquerra parties.

• This regim was based in an ideological on the rejection of liberal democracy and the defenced of militarism

A strict military dictatorship:

• Franco imposed a military dictatorship in which all democratic freedoms were eliminated:

Freedom of expression

Freedom of association

Freedom of protest

Freedom of religion

Freedom of the pres

• 1931 constitution was annulet elections were banned and republican institutions, such as Parliament, were dismantled. The statues of autonomy were abolished and any expression of Catalan Basque or Galician regional identity was prohibited.

• Franco became the head of the only political party: the Falange (FET and JONS), made up of the victors of the Civil War. The party depended on the National-Syndicalist Central (CNS), the only permitted union, whose vertical structure represented both employers and workers.

• Franco held the title of Caudillo and had absolute power: he was head of state and head of the military; he ruled by decree; his office was for life; and he reserved the right to appoint his successor. 

• An attempt was made to give the dictatorship the appearance of legality with the creation of the consultative Cortes (1942), which were not democratically elected. The Spaniard's Charter (1945) and the Labour Charter (1938) were enacted to recognise the rights of Spaniards, although they lacked any democratic legitimacy. 

  
  

The support of traditional social groups:

The regime had the support of groups that wanted to restore the old social order and dismantle all Republican reforms. 

• Members of the army, strengthened after the military victory, had many privileges and were given important positions in government.

• Falange, members maintained social control and held strategic positions, e.g. in Justice and Labour, in Franco's government. 

• The Catholic Church regained its prominence and greatly influenced the new state's social ideology, called national Catholicism. A confessional state was established, the budget for worship and clergy was reestablished and privileges for the clergy (Concordat) were restored in 1953. Divorce was abolished and religious education was reintroduced.

The landowning and industrial bourgeoisie held great economic power. All Republican land and labour reforms were overturned. 

A system of repression:

The Franco regime established a system of repression to persecute Republicans and eliminate all political opposition. Through repressive laws, military courts, and the Social Investigation Brigade, it imposed a regime of terror. It is estimated that 50,000 people were executed during the post-war period, and in 1940 there were 270,719 prisoners, including 23,232 women, subjected to imprisonment, torture, and forced labor.

Adapting to the international climate:

Franco supported the Axis powers and sent the Blue Division to Russia. After the Axis defeat, the UN condemned his regime (1946). To maintain power, he strengthened ties with the Vatican and the USA, signing agreements in 1953 that made him an ally against the USSR.

He was known in 1938 as Ferril del Caudillo, he was a military man and Galician dictator, self-proclaimed head of state from 1939 to 1975.

First president of Catalonia (1932-1933), minister of the Spanish Government, president of the generality of republican Catalonia (1934 and 1936-1940) during the second Spanish Republic and president of ERC (1933-1934).

This decision followed Spain’s devastation after the Spanish Civil War, and Franco aimed to avoid further conflict while also securing political and economic advantages. By adopting non-belligerence, Spain remained officially neutral, but it still provided indirect support to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

One of the most notable actions was the sending of the Blue Division to fight alongside Nazi forces in the Soviet Union. This allowed Franco to align himself with Hitler without fully committing to the Axis. The goal was to rebuild Spain's economy, assert its influence over territories like North Africa and France, and strengthen ties with the Axis while avoiding a direct military role in the war.

Franco's careful maneuvering helped maintain Spain’s autonomy in the conflict and offered him leverage in diplomatic dealings with both Axis and Allied powers.

Key moments include the division of Germany and Berlin, the rise of détente in the 1970s, and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which marked the end of the Cold War. The conflict reshaped global politics and led to the spread of democracy and capitalism worldwide.

Franco named himself "Caudillo" (leader) and retained full control over the government, but the law set the framework for his eventual successor, which was to be a king chosen by him. In 1969, Franco chose Juan Carlos I, the grandson of the last Spanish king, to be his successor. This law solidified Franco’s political legacy and paved the way for a future transition to a monarchy, which later played a key role in Spain’s democratic transition after Franco’s death in 1975.

• Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera

• Ramiro Ledesma Ramos

• Onésimo Redonde Ortega

It was the only party of the Franco regime and, for legal purposes, the only party allowed in Spain after the Spanish Civil War.

Commanded by General Agustín Muñoz Grandes, the division was incorporated into the Wehrmacht as the 250th Infantry Division. After training in Germany, the division was sent to the Eastern Front, eventually participating in the Siege of Leningrad as part of the 15th German Army. This was Spain's indirect involvement in the war, offering support to Nazi Germany without fully committing to the conflict.

• Construction began shortly after Franco's victory in the Civil War and was completed in 1959.

However, the meeting ended in disappointment for Spain. The EEC countries were not ready to offer Spain full membership due to its authoritarian regime, which was at odds with the democratic principles of the European Community. This rejection highlighted Spain's ongoing diplomatic isolation and its need to continue economic and political reforms to be accepted by European institutions.

However, Carrero Blanco’s tenure was short-lived. On December 20, 1973, he was assassinated by the Basque separatist group ETA in a bombing. His death marked a significant turning point, leading to a crisis within Franco's regime and accelerating Spain's transition towards democracy after Franco's eventual death in 1975.

The program was a significant step in the Spanish transition to democracy, marking a unified effort by various left-wing and center-left groups to bring about political change. Although the program did not lead to immediate results, it played a key role in mobilizing opposition to Franco’s rule, which ultimately contributed to Spain's democratic transition after Franco's death in 1975.

Spain had administered Western Sahara since 1884, but in the 1970s, as decolonization movements gained momentum, it decided to leave. The Madrid Accords were signed in 1975, dividing the territory between Morocco and Mauritania. However, the Saharawi people, led by the Polisario Front, continued to fight for independence, leading to a prolonged conflict.

The decolonization of Western Sahara remains a contentious issue, with Morocco asserting control over the region, while the Polisario Front seeks independence for the Sahrawi people.

His death led to the transition to democracy, a process that was initiated by King Juan Carlos I, whom Franco had appointed as his successor. Contrary to expectations that Juan Carlos would continue Franco’s authoritarian regime, the king played a pivotal role in leading Spain towards a constitutional monarchy and democratic reforms.

Following Franco’s death, Spain began a series of political changes, including the 1977 democratic elections, the drafting of a new constitution in 1978, and the establishment of greater regional autonomy. The transition was marked by peaceful reforms and the dismantling of the repressive structures of the Francoist state.

It called for free elections, the legalization of political parties, and the creation of a new constitution. The law was crucial in enabling Spain to move away from dictatorship and toward a constitutional monarchy, leading to the 1977 elections and the drafting of the 1978 Constitution.

In the referendum, a large majority of Spanish voters supported the law, which paved the way for general elections in 1977 and the legalization of political parties. This referendum was a key step in Spain’s democratic transition and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

The elections resulted in a victory for the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), led by Adolfo Suárez, who became the prime minister. The elections laid the groundwork for the drafting of a new democratic constitution in 1978 and were crucial in consolidating Spain’s transition from an authoritarian regime to a constitutional monarchy.

The pacts were named after the Moncloa Palace, where the negotiations took place, and were led by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez. The agreements helped to manage the economic crisis, curb inflation, and promote social peace during a period of significant political and social change. The Moncloa Pacts played a crucial role in the smooth transition to democracy and the consolidation of Spain’s democratic institutions.

The amnesty facilitated the release of political prisoners, the return of exiled individuals, and the legalization of political parties. While controversial, the law played a crucial role in enabling a peaceful transition to democracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

The Constitution established Spain as a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, recognizing civil liberties, regional autonomy, and human rights. It marked the official end of the Francoist regime and the beginning of a new era of democracy, political pluralism, and decentralization of power to regional governments. The Constitution was later ratified by a national referendum, solidifying its legitimacy.

The Statute was approved by the Catalan Parliament and ratified by a national referendum in 1979, formalizing Catalonia's self-government. This marked the beginning of a new era of regional autonomy in Spain, laying the groundwork for the expansion of self-rule to other regions under the new democratic framework.

The operation focused on counterterrorism measures, including intelligence gathering, raids, and arrests, to weaken ETA’s operations. The operation was conducted in a period of growing tension, as Spain was transitioning to democracy and grappling with the ongoing terrorist threat from ETA and other militant groups.

The election was a significant step in the decentralization of power in Spain, as it allowed Catalonia to exercise greater self-government. The Convergence and Union (CiU) coalition, led by Jordi Pujol, won the majority of seats, and Pujol became the President of the Generalitat. This marked the beginning of a new era of regional autonomy and political stability for Catalonia.

However, the coup failed, largely due to the firm stance taken by King Juan Carlos I, who strongly opposed the coup and publicly called for loyalty to the constitution. His actions, along with widespread public opposition to the coup, led to the military backing down. The failed coup marked a crucial moment in Spain’s transition to democracy, reinforcing the stability of the 1978 Constitution and the country's democratic institutions.

His victory represented a shift towards progressive reforms and modernization. During his tenure, González's government introduced a wide range of social, economic, and political reforms, including significant steps towards European integration, improving Spain’s social welfare system, and promoting economic modernization. His leadership played a key role in consolidating Spain's democracy and transforming it into a modern European state.

The accession to the EEC helped modernize Spain’s economy, boost infrastructure, and promote political and social reforms. It also reinforced Spain's commitment to democratic values and European cooperation. This move marked a turning point in Spain’s foreign policy and solidified its role in the broader European community.

He was a Spanish politician and diplomat with an extensive career during the Franco dictatorship.

He was the king of Spain

He was a soldier of the armed forces of Spain, where he reached the rank of admiral. companion and right hand of General Franco

He Was a Spanish politician, president of Spain between 1973 and 1976.

He is a Catalan politician and entrepreneur, leader of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia from 1974 to 2003 and president of the Generalitat of Catalonia from 1980 to 2003.

He was a Spanish political lawyer, he was president of the government of Spain and a relevant figure granted in 1981 the Duchy of Suárez, with greatness of Spain, and he was also a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

He was a Catalan lawyer, six times appointed minister by the Franco government.

He was a crystal maker, cooperativist, anarchist trade unionist and Catalan politician. Served as general secretary of the CNT in the 1920s and as Minister of Industry of Spain during the Second Spanish Republic. He died shot by the Francoist authorities.

He was a Spanish Falangist politician, founder and ideologue of the Spanish Falange party

She was the leader of the female section of the Spanish Falange and later president of the Association de veterans of the female section renamed in 1977, two years after the death of Francisco Franco, new Andalusia carrec which she maintained until her death.

He was a Spanish politician born in Tui. Graduated in law at the University of Zaragoza, he was a professor at the University of Madrid after becoming a lawyer for the State in 1916.

He is a Spanish soldier, a lieutenant colonel expelled from the civil guard. He was one of the principal leaders of the coup d'état of February 23, 1981 in Spain, popularly known as 23-F. He joined the Civil Guard in 1951 at the age of 19.

He was born on April 20, 1889 and died on April 30, 1945. He was a Southern politician, the main ideologue and head of Nazism.

He was the main architect of the valley of the fallen

He was Aragonese priest and founder of opus DEI

He was an Equatorial Guinean politician of Fang ethnicity, the first head of state of Equatorial Guinea.

He was a soldier in the armed forces of Spain, where he was defeated by General Franco and a staunch Catholic, anti-communist, anti-Mazo whom he attacked in works published under the pseudonym of Juan de la Costa

He was a Catalan anarchist and anti-fascist, fighter for the liberation of the working class, active during the sixties and the beginnings of the system.