- Textbook revision

- Teacher education

- Ongoing teacher trainings

- Instructional material development

- Parent engagement

- Performance standards

- Allocation of resources to poorly performing schools

Good ratio of total number of teachers achieved by some but have low numbers of trained teachers. 

Bangladesh (40:1) total teachers but (70:1) tained teachers in 2011.

- no discrimination/ harassment/violence
- Lack of facilities and trained teachers for children with disabilities

recommended that primary schools operate

between 850 and 1,000 hours per year.

TEACHERS absenteeism, late, skip class
- improving central and regional supervision
- documenting the prevalence of ghost teachers
- giving teachers

and principals training and feedback on the

use of time
- empowering communities to

monitor teacher activities better

STUDENTS engagement
- learner centered approach

group and pair work, informative feedback, student questioning, use of local languages, the planning and varying of lesson sequences and use of a range of learning

materials 

- learner based pedagogy promotes critical thinking; promote democracy, civic engagement and economic development 

related to a lack of supportive environment, 

teacher training and preparation, textbooks,

teaching materials, cultural values that does not question authority, high-stake exams, class size and furniture
- Language policy in education raises complex

issues and potential tensions between groups
- biggest obstacles to using local languages in the classroom are a lack of textbooks and a shortage of trained teachers using the languages 

 

command-driven forms of management to more

decentralized and participatory decision-making, implementation and monitoring at lower levels of accountability. 

Mixed results since decentralization contributed to inequity by generating major geographical and

income-based disparity in per-student spending

There is a need for accountability, financial and technical capacity when promoting decentralization 

In most countries private schools' advantage is decreased when demographics are accounted for. However, at others, private schools allow greater autonomy, beneficial peer network and higher accountability, increasing its success.