https://padlet.com/d084890/SBF3033 Hi I am Ammar Hafiy Bin Khairul Anuar. This is my reflection for Animal Physiology. Special thank to my lecture Profesor Madya Dr. Syakirah binti Samsudin for teaching me en-us 2020-07-24 06:53:38 UTC 2025-09-30 12:55:51 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f604.png d084890 https://padlet.com/d084890/SBF3033/wish/661698679

In this topic, I was taught about how the nervous system works. I was taught three main basic of  how the nervous system works which is sensory input to conduct of signals from sensory receptors, integration is the process by which the information from the stimulation of the sensory receptors is interpreted and associated with appropriate responses of the body carried out in Central Nervous System (CNS) and motor output to conduction of signals from the integration center (CNS) to effector cells. 

• I was taught how the neurons send the signal. The neuron send the signal via impulse which is an electrical signal that depends on the flow of ions across the plasma membrane of a neuron. I feel it amazing because the neurons in our body send the impulse quickly and make our body functions well. Failed neuron function can make someone to lose some ability. This topic make me to have more precaution in my daily life.

• This topic taught me how the old person have a slow effect by receptor to affector. This is because the slow impulse of neurons signal. I need read more about neuron system in deep learning to be more understand. In my future, I will have some critical thinking to get more impact to my daily life and apply the precaution. Question that remain in my mind for this topic is how the medicine effect for treatment.

•  To implicate this topic, I need to look around in daily life which is who have Parkinson that shaking their hand, they have problem with the neuron system. Next, when I look at who cannot feel their leg (paralyzed), their neuron system leg to the brain is broke. Regarding from this topic, we need be grateful because our neuron system in good condition and we feel pain then flexor withdrawal reflex to intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli.

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In this topic, initially we have given a task to create mind map in a group. The group consists of four member. I, Hilman, Khai and Hafeez divided the sensory part to create a mind map. This is because our lecturer had a meeting. We do it in the class and collect the mind map to scan and upload to Myguru. Scanned file also has been upload to our WhatsApp group to shared and understood. However, the next week our lecturer do the summary in this topic in the class for we can understand in self learning.

• This topic taught about the sensory system in our body. The basic things to know is the sensory information is conveyed to the Central Nervous System and perceived in a four-step process which is stimulus, transduction of stimulus into receptor potential in sensory receptor, transmission of action potential in sensory neuron and the interpretation of stimulus in central nervous system. For an example, sensory receptor like a pain receptor is to detect pain. Other than that are mechanoreceptors to detect mechanical energy, thermoreceptors to responding to heat or cold and function as to help regulate body temperature.

• Sensory system taught me how the sensory system works in our body. Sense of taste at taste buds on the tongue, sense of smell on olfactory cells, the vision from eyes by photoreceptor, sense of hearing and equilibrium by cochlea. This senses on our body that make we in good condition. The loss of this ability make our daily life incomplete. This topic also taught why some person cannot see or colour blind. This lecture also taught why the high volume of sound can damage for hearing. Person who has lost the ability of sense, we can see in our daily life.

• The implication for this topic are we can look around and see who has lost the sense ability such as blind in our daily life. Therefore, I can explain how the person lost the ability to someone. Lastly, we need to grateful because we still have good sense and keep take care until we die.

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In this topic is online lecture from lecturer. For strengthen knowledge, lecturer give me task to complete the question in the notes. Lecturer give almost one week to do this homework and it is enough time to do the task when having online class. The hard part lecturer has upload the video in YouTube to explain. This is good way for having online class when someone in our class having internet problem.

• This topic taught about muscular system. There are three types of skeletons that support and enable movement in animals are hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton and endoskeleton. This topic also taught how muscles exert force against skeletal elements to maintain posture, produce movement, and differentiate between whole muscle contraction and contraction of a single muscle cell, including the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Lastly, I got compare the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue.

• The comparison of the structure and function of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle has been learn in this topic. Therefore, I know why the cardiac muscle cannot cramp. This is because the cardiac muscle cells can generate action potential on their own without any input from the nervous system. This is amazing for me because cardiac muscle cannot be controlled by nervous system.

• This topic is change my mind about who had paralyzed. No contraction of muscle at part paralyzed. Therefore, who had paralyzed cannot move the paralyzed part. Therefore, paralyzed part is thin and it feels soft when we press. I grateful because I can move in good condition and just sometime cramp because long time no jogging and make some exercise.

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Lecturer gives me the task to complete the knowledge-raising problem in notes. Lecturer gives this homework for about a week, and when you have online classes, it is enough time to do the task. The hard part lecturer has the video posted to YouTube for explanation. It is a good way to learn online when someone has trouble learning from us.

• Respiratory System is when body is removing carbon dioxide and taking oxygen. It is also known as the gas exchange system. Carbon dioxide, a product of waste, is released from the body. Inhalation means that the body is filled with oxygen. Exhalation means that the body produces air rich in carbon dioxide. The function of the respiratory system is to enables us to respire and to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. A series of organs are responsible to take oxygen and expel carbon dioxide from the human respiratory system. Lungs, which share gases as we breathe, are the main organs of the air system.

• How the Respiratory System regulates during various activities, such as relaxation, sleep , exercise, emergency situation. As we relax our respiratory system normally occurs. When we sleep our breathing slows down and we do not consume or expel as much air as we are waking. The upper airway narrows as the muscles relax while sleeping and increases airway resistance. This decreases breathing muscle function and allows further respiratory works successfully. It reduces breathing muscle activity and effectively makes additional respiratory research. Physical activity is heightened during exercise, and muscle cells breathe more than when they rest in the body. The heart rate goes up during exercise. The rise in rate and breathing depth-this means more oxygen is consumed in the blood and more carbon dioxide released. If you are in panic it affects your cardiovascular and respiratory systems. You breathe faster during the panic response, in an attempt to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the body quickly.

• In daily life, respiratory system play a role to give our cell oxygen. This is because respiration provides oxygen to the cell, eliminates carbon dioxide, regulate blood hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and defends against microbes. In this system, I really excited to know the reflex regulation of ventilation. This is because nowadays have virus named as Covid-19 that interrupted the respiratory system. So, doctor need to use ventilator to give support for the person have covid-19 in a critical stage and we know why the increases the rate and depth ventilation causes by increases of Carbon dioxide and decreases of pH and oxygen.

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Excretory system are to maintenance of proper internal levels of inorganic solutes, maintenance of proper plasma water volume, Removal of non-nutritive and harmful substances resulting from metabolism or ingestion and removal of hormones after they had their desired effects. Maintenance of osmotic balance by selective retention and excretion of water and ions. If have excretory system, they need organs of excretion which is respiratory system, digestive system, integument and glands and renal organ. For respiratory system, waste gases are carried by blood traveling through the veins to the lungs where respiration takes place. Digestive system remove bilirubin and help regulate ions and water. The integumentary system dead cells and sweat are removed from the body through the skin.

• From the topic that reflect to me is human kidney that remove liquid waste from the body through the kidneys. The fluid that enters the glomerular capsule is called ultra-filtrate because it is formed under pressure of the blood and from this, we can see the volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute, which is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The filtration, reabsorption, secretion and concentration proses occur and lastly produce liquid waste named urine.

• This topic remind me about who had renal failure. They need to filter their blood by the machine to keep live. This is because the kidney cannot filter the blood and their blood will become more toxic. More ammonia in the body will become toxic in our body. To keep their body maintain, they need to depend on the machine many times in a week.

• Therefore, from this topic I learned why we need to take care organs that involved in excretory system to make our body in good condition and healthy. To keep kidney in good condition, we need to less drink or eat coloured food and keep more drink drinking water. We should grateful because our excretory system in our body in good condition. Lastly, this topic related to another topic such as respiratory system and digestive system. So, we know the system in our body related each other to make our body in good condition.

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Also online lecture from lecturer about this subject. Lecturer gives me the duty to complete the question in the notes to raise knowledge. Lecturer gives this homework for approximately a week and it is enough time to do the task when you have online classes. The hard part lecturer has the video to demonstrate uploaded to YouTube. It is a perfect way to have online learning when someone is having trouble in our learning.

• This topic toughed about how the red blood cell circulation in our body to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body. The master pump in our body is heart and this topic toughed how heart pump from left atrium to aorta and vena cava to pulmonary artery. From the muscle system, we know heart is form from cardiac muscle that have own action potential and cannot be controlled by nervous system.

•  Part that I most like is how to read ECG (electrocardiogram). I always see the ECG in the movie or drama but I do not know how to read it. In this topic have been taught about it and me so happy to learn. I also know why cholesterol block the blood in blood vessel and how doctor bypass the blood vessel by the blood vessel take from thigh or arm. This is amazing to apply it in our daily life. 

• To make our heart in good condition, we need to exercise that called cardio and take care of nutrient that we eat. Less cholesterol are needed to make the blood vessel in good condition. I had been a long time not exercise and eat more cholesterol in food. From this, I need to change my daily routine to having some exercise in a week and less cholesterol contain in my food to gain good circulatory system.

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The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. Four basic digestive processes that is motility, secretion, digestion and absorption. Motility is for muscular contractions within the gut tube that mix and move forward the contents of the digestive tract. For secretion is a number of digestive juices are secreted into the digestive tract lumen by exocrine glands located along the route. Process whereby the structurally complex foodstuffs are broken down into smaller, absorbable units by enzymes is called digestion. Absorption is absorbable units that result from digestion, water, vitamin; electrolytes are transferred from the digestive tract lumen into the blood.

• Digestive process along digestive system, which is mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine and anus. This is because they must ingest organic compounds and reorganize them internally into the compounds they need. So, human have from mouth to small intestine to absorb the compounds that we need before get to big intestine to be waste product.

• That I like is in the stomach that have secretion of pepsinogen from chief cells in stomach lining and hydrochloric acid from parietal cells. The pH is about 2 in our stomach and to cover it, mucus with bicarbonate buffer protects stomach lining. But, when I looking around in daily life, someone had a failure for digest need to consume by pipe to give typical milk to keep live. The cost to buy the milk is very high.

• From this, we know the digest system is main system to gain energy. From food and water, digest system digest into small compound to make our body to absorb and react to make energy. We should be grateful because our digest system in good condition and no need eat from pipe or have tank for the waste.

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There are two part of reproductive system that is male reproductive system and female reproductive system. For male reproductive system, male produce sperm by spermatogenesis in testis (seminiferous tubules). For female reproductive system, female produce ovum by oogenesis in ovary. Male have two testis and female have two ovary. Produced sperm is stored in epididymis and waiting to propel during ejaculation. However, female ovum cannot be store as male, they have one cycle in the ovary which is from the primary oocyte within follicle to the growing follicle to the mature follicle to the ovulation. From ovulation, it become to corpus luteum and degenerating corpus luteum to become primary oocyte within follicle back. This is from hormonal regulation in males and females.

• We can see the natural law in our live. To fertilization, we need sperm and ovum to get baby. We can relate to the homosexual people that cannot get baby but they can hire someone to get baby or adopt a child. This topic also teach about how the uterine cycle and ovarian cycle that they have three phase. For uterine, menstrual flow phase occur in day 1 of the cycle to menstrual bleeding, proliferative phase is the remaining endometrium begins to regenerate and thicken for a week or two and secretory phase week in duration, the endometrium continues to thicken, become more vascularized and develop glands that secrete a fluid rich in glycogen and if an embryo has not implanted in the uterine lining by the end of the secretory phase, a new menstrual flow commences, marking day 1 of the next cycle. Ovarian cycle, follicular phase several follicles in the ovary begins to grow, Ovulation phase for the mature follicle rupture releasing the oocyte and luteal phase the follicular tissue that remains in the ovary after ovulation develops into the corpus luteum that secretes female hormones. Therefore, we can see that female have two cycle in the reproductive system.

• In this topic we can see when we look around in our daily life which is we can see who can have a baby and why a couple cannot get a baby. This is because the quality of sperm and ovum occur to fertilize and blastocyst stick at uterus to implantation. This is fate in our life to get or not. We should grateful that we have a family or big family to communicate. The reproductive system is to show how female and male reproductive system that we can learn how and why someone get pregnant, miscarriage and not pregnant. Then, we cannot embarrassing people who cannot pregnant.

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