*    Cognitive processes: thinking processes that allow one to learn, organize, and use information

*    Motivation: that which/or degree to which one is driven to act and for how long one will continue to persevere

*    Self-regulation: exercising influence “over one’s own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior” (Bandura, 1994, p. 1).

*      Self-concept: One’s knowledge and beliefs about oneself, self-schema (Lemme, p. 84)

*    Self-esteem: One’s evaluation, opinion, and feelings of oneself along a positive-negative continuum.

*   Self-efficacy: People’s beliefs about their abilities to “produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives” (Bandura, 1994, p. 1). This, like self-esteem, also runs along a positive-negative continuum. It is also ever-changing, depending on situation (flat tire vs. ripped pants), group (yoga vs. book club), participants (friends vs. classmates), etc. We are complex human beings, and rate ourselves differently depending on many variable.

2.       Vicarious experience

3.       Verbal persuasion

4.       Emotional arousal

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health, San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

Buchanan, J. (2016). Albert Bandura: Self-efficacy for agentic positive psychology. 28 July.

Lemme, B. (2006). Development in adulthood (4^th edition). Boston: Pearson/A&B.

Merriam, B., Caffarella, R., Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood, a comprehensive guide (3^rd edition). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.