Notes from lecture by Егор Зиновьев https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi надеюсь теперь все выучат системы на английском en-us 2021-11-10 11:24:06 UTC 2021-12-01 14:39:42 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9d0.png egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1880995157
  • organ system- система органов
  • cell-клетка
  • cellular level- клеточный уровень
  • tissue - ткань
  • tissue organization- тканевый уровень 
  • organ-орган
  • organ organization- уровень организации органа 
  • vertebrates - позвоночные 
  • endoderm - эндодерма
  • mesoderm- мезодерма
  • ectoderm- эктодерма
  • epithelial tissue - эпителиальные ткани
  • connective tissue - соединительные ткани
  • muscular tissue - мышечные ткани
  • nervous tissue - нервные ткани

    • ]]>     2021-11-10 11:25:28 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1880995157     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1880999613 1. organ systems are the groups of organs working together to perform activities of the body.
    2. Levels of organization:
    a. cellular level
    b. tissue organization
    c. organ organization

    ]]>     2021-11-10 11:28:07 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1880999613     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881005934 1. Function of cells: cells perform all of life's processes and co-ordinate to maintain stability in the body
    2. Cells differentiate into 3 basic layers:
    ^endoderm
    ^mesoderm
    ^ectoderm
    *these layers devide into specialized cells and tissues. ]]>     2021-11-10 11:31:50 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881005934     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881019301 1. A tissue is a group of cells  that are  similar in function and structure   
    2. Types of tissues:
    a. Epithelial tissue
    - is a protective layer, covers surfaces
    E.G. a lung tissue
    b. Connective tissue
    - supports other tissues, forms strucrures such as tendons and ligaments
    c. Muscular tissue
    - is able to contract
    - lets the body to move in a series of contractions
    d. Nervous tissue
    - allows the body to transmit electrical signals in order to control body function 
    - they act as messengers sending signals to and from the brain ]]>     2021-11-10 11:40:05 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881019301     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881022335 1. an organ is a group of tissues that functions together towards the common goal 
    * an organ is a higher level of organization
    2. Organ system are composed of individual organs working together in a coordinated activity ]]>     2021-11-10 11:42:02 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881022335     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881084733 1. Skeletal system
    a. Function: Skeletal system keeps our body upright and gives the body its basic structure. This forms a strong iternal framework for the body that protects the other organs involved in human body systems. It also stores important minerals and vitamins and provides strength to the body's core.
    2. Muscular system
    a. Function: the primary function is to allow our body to move.
    b. Ability
    -Muscule tissue has a special ability to contract
    c. Nuance of work:
    a. However muscular tissue can not expand to its primary position so it needs another muscle to work in opposition
    b. These groups of muscles are called - antagonistic parts which are the basis of human movement.
    3. Nervous system
    a. Function: a human nervous system co-ordinates and regulates the body's response to changes inside and outside  the body.
    b. Ability:
    Nervous system controlls every system in a human body
    c. It gathers information and sends it to the brain through the spinal column
    d. Structure
    1) a network of nerves, to gather information
    2) spinal column
    3) the brain is the primary processing centre for the body.
    4. Endocrine system
    a. Structure:
    1) thyroid gland
    2) adrenaline gland
    3) pancrease
    4) ovaries
    5) testes
    b. Function
    1) these organs are responcible for producing and releasing hormones into the body's bloodstream
    2) hormones act as messengers that bind to target cells in the body and act on them
    3) the main aim is to maintain homeostasis, which means "steady state"
    4) additionaly, the endoctine system co-regulates:
    - tempreture
    - contol of growth and cognitive development
    - adjust metabolism
    - manage reproduction
    5. The human reproductive system
    a. Structure: the primary organs are ovaries and testes, which are controlled by the endocrine system
    b. Function: the reproductive system is responsible for
    - producing
    - storing
    - releasing sex celles and transporting them to a place where fertilization happens
    6. The digestive system
    a. Function
    - converting food into a useble substances along the digestive tract
    - these substances can then be absorbed by the body and used by sells as a fuel to build or repair the body.
    7. The respiratory system
    a. Function:
    - provides oxygen which is a vital element for metabolism
    b. Respiration- is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells, the blood and air in the lungs.
    c. The disfunction:
    -asthma
    -emphysema
    8. The circulatory system
    a. Function:
    - it makes up the movement of materials throught the body
    - breaks down products of the digestive system
    b. Structure
    1) the heart
    2) the veins
    3) the arteries
    4) the capillaries
    9. The excretory system
    a. Function: it transports waste products that are generated in the process of metabolism out of the body.
    b. It includes:
    - the skin secreting sweat
    - the lungs eliminating carbon dioxide
    - the kidneys expreting products from metabolic reactiones
    10. The immune system
    a. integumentary system:
    1) skin, nails, sweat glands, hair
    2) integumentary system products against injury and infection
    b. the immune system is the body's response to the invaders(pathogens) ]]>     2021-11-10 12:19:29 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1881084733     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1888273096 7. The respiratory system
    a. Function:
    - provides oxygen which is a vital element for metabolism
    - respiration- is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells, the blood and air in the lungs.
    b. The disfunction:
    -asthma - is a chronic disease of the lungs. It involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes and other airways. This causes wheezing,couching, and difficulty breathing. One way to treat asthma is to inhale medicine using an inhaler.
    -emphysema - is a progressive repiratory disease. It is the result of bronchial tube damage. In emphysema, the alveoli lose their shape and functionality when the person exhales. As a result, less oxygen is allowed to enter the bloodstream. Smoking tobacco is one of the most common causes of emphysema.
    c. The structure 
    1. larynx - гортань 
    2. airways - дыхательные пути windpipe- трахея
    3. lungs- легкие 
    4. lobes - доли легкого 
    5. bronchioles - бронхиолы
    6. bronchus - бронхи
    7. diaphragm - диафрагма 
    d. terms about respiratory system 
    1. oxygen -кислород
    2. carbon dioxide - углекислый газ
    3. metabolisme - метаболизм
    4. respiration -газообмен
    5. exhale- выдыхать 
    6. inhale - вздыхать 
    7. wheezing and coughing - хрипеть и кашлять
    8. inhaler - ингалятор 
    ]]>     2021-11-13 14:39:11 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1888273096     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1888305469 1. Structure.
    the heart- сердце 
    1. valves - клапаны 
    2. the pulmonary artery - легочная артерия 
    3. aorta - аорта
    4. veins-вены 
    5. vena cava- полая вена
    6. atrium - предсердие 
    7. arteries -артерии
    8. ventricle -желудочки
    9. capillaries - капилляры
    2. The Function
    a. The circulatory system carries oxygen in blood to all parts of the body. 
    b. Blood begins its journey in the heart, which beats to pump it to the rest of the body
    c. Valves control how blood moves through the heart 
    d.  Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs by traveling through the pulmonary artery. 
    c. Then blood leaves the heart through the aorta, the body's largest artery. 
    d. Blood flows throughout the body in arteries 
    e. At the end of arteries are tiny capillaries 
    f. Oxygen moves through capillaries to parts of the body. 
    g. Blood returns to the heart through veins 
    h. The largest vein is vena cava. It enters into the heart's right atrium. 
    ]]>     2021-11-13 15:14:12 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1888305469     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1903326876 - is a system of organs which processes food, nutrients and waste
    1. Structure
    1) esophagus -пищевод
    2) stomach- желудок     (читается как стамэККККК)
    3) large intestine - толстая кишка
    4) small intestine - тонкая кишка
    5) ulcer - язва
    6) abdomen - живот
    7) colon- кишка
    8) appendix
    + appendicitis - аппендицит, colonoscopy- колоноскопия
    2. Additional information
    1) presistent pains
    2)pain betweenthe heart and the  stomach could mean an esophagus problem 
    3) pain in lower in the abdomen could mean appendicitis, which is an inflamation of the appendix 
    4) colonocsopy- a medical procedure which examines the inside of the colon 
    5) esophagus - a muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach




    ]]>     2021-11-20 07:32:49 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1903326876     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1914936963 1. Structure
    1) Neurons/nerve cells- form the core of the nervous system
    2) the brain- the main part of the nervous system
    3) neural networks - a set of neurons connencted to each other
    4) sensory neurons- react to simuli from the scense organs
    5) motor neurons- help bpdy to move
    6) involuntary reflexes
    7) the spinal cord-
    8) the central nervous system is a complex that consists of the brain and the spinal column
    9) synapse is a connection between to nerve cells
    2. The Function and specifics
    1) The organs of the nervous system work as a  group
    2)The nervous system coordinates the actions of the body and transmits information from one part to another 
    3) Neurons can transmit information by two ways:electrical and chemical signaling 
    4) The networks of nerve cells are capable of processing massive amounts of different information 
    5) The central system (the brain and the spinal column) controls all of the body's function 
    * the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae of the backbone ]]>     2021-11-27 00:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1914936963     egorzinovev26 https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1914940664 1. Structure
    1) the glands - железы
    2) hormones -     гормоны
    3) pituitary gland -     гипофиз
    4) hypothalamus-     гипоталамус
    5) Thyroid gland-     вилочковая железа
    6) Pineal Body    -эпифиз
    7) Adrenal gland - надпочечники
    8) melatonin -     мелатонин
    9) adrenaline -     адреналин
    10) pancrease     - поджелудочная железа
    11) ovaries-     яичники
    12) testes -     половые железы
    2. Function 
    - the glands work togehter in oreder to control the function of the body
    - the glands secrete/ produce the hormones into the bloodstream
    - the hormones travel throughout the body to control every part of it
    -     pituitary gland is placed at the base of the brain below the hypothalamus
    - pituitary gland     secrets 9 hormones that control vital functions like: growth, blood pressure, and sexual functions
    - thyroid gland     is placed in the neck below the Adam's apple. It controls how quickly body uses energy and make proteins
    - adrenal gland produces adrenalin, which helps the body respond to stress and stimuli

    ]]>     2021-11-27 00:26:54 UTC https://padlet.com/egorzinovev26/bl1vc1mwrony5wgi/wish/1914940664