"For young people with refugee backgrounds, establishing a sense of belonging to their family and community, and to their country of resettlement is essential for wellbeing (Correa Velez & Gifford et al., 2010)".

There is a positive correlation between the effects of non - discrimination and better health outcomes. This is directly caused by a non-biased approach by clinicians when referring individuals to services required. Decreased discrimination decreases poor mental health by alleviating the stress on refugees by the risk of being given appropriate access to services and lower risk of physical assault and incivility. Ziersch & Due et al., (2020) Reports that due to the high negative correlation between discrimination and poor mental health among refugees, it is pivotal that non-discrimination is responded to as a call of action in increasing client health outcomes.

Correa-Velez, I., Gifford, S. M., & Barnett, A. G. (2010). Longing to belong: Social inclusion and wellbeing among youth with refugee backgrounds in the first three years in Melbourne, Australia. Social science & medicine, 71(8), 1399-1408.

Ziersch, A., Due, C. & Walsh, M. (2020). Discrimination: a health hazard for people from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds resettled in Australia. BMC Public Health 20, 108 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8068-3

health crises.

The risk of contracting tuberculosis is increasing in Ukraine due to the ongoing war between Russia which has caused significant health challenges within the control of the outbreak, starting with the Coronavirus outbreak. Dahl & Migliori et al., (2022) reported that the Eastern areas of the World Health Organisation in Europe, Russia and Ukraine have distressingly high incidence of drug resistant tuberculosis. "Currently, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine, much seems at stake. A risk of a long-lasting increase in TB incidence and mortality appears high, and not necessarily confined to the war-stricken countries Dahl & Migliori (2022)".

Dahl & Migliori (2022) report that the disease is increased at times of war and caused by poor sanitation, nutrition, poor housing, disrupted healthcare services and crowding.

On arrival to Australia, Ukranian refugees who present with this illness will be given adequate sanitation, nutrition, access to housing and also the healthcare services in Australia are very well organised and there is adequate funding and resources to assist refugees. This will decrease the risk of the population in contracting and increase and alleviation of this illness.

Maltseva, T., & Rozenfeld, I. (2024). People of Ukrainian Heritage. In Handbook for Culturally Competent Care Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp 461-471.

Dahl, V., Migliori, G. B., Lange, C., & Wejse, C. (2022). War in Ukraine: an immense threat to the fight against tuberculosis. European Respiratory Journal, 59(4).

The way that this competency standard would be implemented in practice would be to understand the events that have been unfolding in ukraine including the war between Russia and to understand that they would have PTSD symptoms and trauma regarding these traumatic events.

I would endeavour to apply the competency standard 1.1 by being very sensitive to the patients needs and trauma induced state, referring them to allied health professionals as required based on their condition presented and by providing ongoing care to monitor their condition without causing trauma related issues to occur.

2019. Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with people from Migrant and Refugee BackgroundsThe Competency Standards Framework for Clinicians.

"Numerous studies have explored the connection between religious involvement and mental health, generally finding that higher levels of religious engagement correlate with improved well-being and mental health (Peres et al., 2007)".

Religious coping has is linked to positive mental health outcomes amongst trauma survivors. Negative religious coping (e.g., feeling abandoned by God or questioning God's support) has been associated with higher mortality rates in a two-year longitudinal study of medically ill elderly inpatients, even when controlling for demographic, physical health, and mental health variables.

Rizzi et al, (2023) state that it has been reported that faith and religion is a positive individual protective factor that many Ukranian refugees draw upon.

Peres, J. F. P., Moreira-Almeida, A., Nasello, A. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2007). Spirituality and resilience in trauma victims. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9103-0

Rizzi, D., Ciuffo, G., Landoni, M., Mangiagalli, M., & Ionio, C. (2023). Psychological and environmental factors influencing resilience among Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced persons: A systematic review of coping strategies and risk and protective factors. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266125

Trofimov, A., Shabanova, N. (2025). The Influence of Faith on the Mental Health of Ukrainian Forced Migrants During the Russian–Ukrainian War: An Exploratory Study via Social Media. J Relig Health 64, 1916–1933 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02169-3