Discussion Board Unit 2 by Leiny Dk-Ngakoue https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf The Autonomic System is made up of two divisions: The Sympathetic Nervous System (adrenergic)- fight, fright, flight and The Parasympathetic Nervous System (cholinergic)- rest and digest en-us 2023-02-02 21:27:42 UTC 2025-05-25 00:36:08 UTC hello@padlet.com Sympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters (NT) leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466800466
  • Acetylcholine (ACH)- released at the ganglia from the presynaptic nerve ending 
  • Norepinephrine (NE)- released at the postganglionic nerve ending by the adrenal medulla & neurons
  • Epinephrine (EPI)- released by the adrenal medulla
  • Dopamine (DA)- released by the hypothalamus
    • ]]>     2023-02-02 21:42:14 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466800466     Parasympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters (NT) leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466801620
  • Acetylcholine (ACH)- released at the ganglia from the presynaptic nerve ending 
    • ]]>     2023-02-02 21:43:49 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466801620     Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466811386
  • alpha-1: located on the glands smooth muscle, eyes, arteries, & veins
  • alpha-2: located on the adrenergic nerve endings
  • beta-1: located on the heart
  • beta-2: located on the smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries
    • ]]>     2023-02-02 21:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466811386     Parasympathetic Nervous System Receptors leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466812738
  • muscarinic: located on cardiac, smooth muscle, & glands
  • nicotinic-1 (Nn): located on the ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves & the sympathetic nerves (synapse area)
  • nicotinic-2 (Nm): located on the somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle

    • ]]>     2023-02-02 21:59:31 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466812738     End Organ Responses from Sympathetic Stimulation leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466820391
  • Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine
  • Arteries: vasoconstriction of arteries to skeletal muscle
  • Heart: increased heart rate, AV conduction, contraction
  • Intestines, GI Motility, and secretions: decrease
  • Postganglionic neurotransmitters: norepinephrine gets released
  • Pupil of the eye: dilation (mydriasis)
  • Respiratory passages: bronchodilation
  • Urinary bladder: relaxation
  • Urinary sphincter: contraction
    • ]]>     2023-02-02 22:09:54 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466820391     End Organ Responses from Parasympathetic Stimulation leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466821036
  • Heart: decreased heart rate.
  • Intestines, GI motility, & secretions: Acetylcholine is released.
  • Pupil of the eye: constriction (miosis)
  • Respiratory passages: Bronchoconstriction
  • Urinary bladder: contraction
  • Urinary sphincter: relaxation
    • ]]>     2023-02-02 22:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466821036     Drug Classifications and Examples for The Sympathetic Nervous System leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466840384 Alpha -1 Adrenergic Agonists
    MOA:  
    • alpha-1 receptor is stimulated
    • Contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases BP 
    • Vasoconstriction of nasal passages -> decongestant effect
    Drugs: 
    • 1) ephedrine- increases BP
    • 2) phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)- increases BP, nasal decongestant 

    Adrenergic Agonist
    MOA: 
    • Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors, an exception
    • Vasopressor-vasoconstriction increases BP
    • Cardiac stimulant
    • Bronchodilator
    Drugs:
    • 1) epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

    Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
     MOA:  
    • Binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them
    • Relaxation of smooth muscle 
    • Vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP
    • Relaxes the smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow
    Drugs: 
    • 1) prazosin (Minipress®)
    • 2) terazosin (Hytrin®)
    • 3) doxazosin (Cardura®)

    Beta Adrenergic Agonists

    *Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists
    MOA: 
    • Low dose- stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
    • Moderate dose- stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases the force of contraction and cardiac output 
    • High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction -> increase in blood pressure
    Drugs:
    • 1) dobutamine

    *Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
    MOA: 
    • Stimulates beta 2 receptors 
    • Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs à bronchodilation 
    • Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
    Drugs:
    • 1. albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)- bronchodilator 
    • 2. terbutaline (Brethine®)- bronchodilator, uterine relaxant 
    • 3. formoterol (Foradil®)- bronchodilator 
    • 4. salmeterol (Serevent®)- bronchodilator 

    *Selective Beta-1 Blockers
    MOA: 
    • beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)    
    • Decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
    • Decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
    • Decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
    • Decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
    Drugs:
    • 1) atenolol (Tenormin®)
    • 2) metoprolol (Lopressor®)

    *Non-selective Beta Blockers
    MOA:     
    • Blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors 
    • Decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
    • Decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
    • Decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
    • Decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
    Drugs:
    • 1) nadolol (Corgard®)
    • 2) propanolol (Inderal®) 
    • 3) timolol (Blocadren®)
    ]]>     2023-02-02 22:40:37 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466840384     Drug Classifications and Examples for The Parasympathetic Nervous System leinydkngakoue1 https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466841023 Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
    MOA: 
    • Directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division 
    • Mimics ACH
    Drugs:
    • 1) acetylcholine
    • 2) pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
    • 3) bethanechol (Urecholine®)

    Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
     MOA:
    • Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
    • Increases ACH
    Drugs:
    • 1) neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

    Anticholinergics
    MOA: 
    • Binds to a cholinergic receptor 
    • Acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism
    Drugs:
    • 1) atropine 
    • 2) dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
    • 3) ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)
    ]]>     2023-02-02 22:41:40 UTC https://padlet.com/leinydkngakoue1/bkm0pw43btv1b0sf/wish/2466841023