Ethical Issues by joan ruddock https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z en-us 2018-01-12 10:28:31 UTC 2023-11-17 09:02:24 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f913.png https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/220913313 2018-01-12 10:47:47 UTC https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/220913313 Milgrams’ Obedience Experiment https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745012416 Ethical issues breached by the study: Informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection from harm.

The participants were not given informed consent as the nature of the experiment was not shown to them until the debrief. The drawing of straws was rigged and the participants were also deceived. 

Right to withdraw was not upheld. When participants did not want to proceed with the experiment, verbal prods were given multiple times, telling them they had no choice but to continue. 

Protection from harm was not considered. Participants were exposed to incredibly stressful conditions and many were visibly distressed and pleaded for the experiment to end. Three had uncontrollable seizures.

The participants in the study were deceived. They actually believed they were administering real electric shocks and causing harm, not that it was fake and a soundtrack was being played. They also didn’t know that the ‘learner’ was a confederate.

The study and subsequent research showed that contrary to expectations, most people will obey an order given by an authority figure to harm someone, even if they feel that it’s wrong, and even if they want to stop. The intention of the study was to examine justifications by those accused of war crimes during WWII- many of their defences were that they were just following orders. As a result of learning about the study, more people have felt able to stand up against unjust authority. 

Kayleigh, Megan, Juwairia
]]> 2023-10-13 10:10:50 UTC https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745012416 Little Albert https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745014429 Identify, describe and explain:
Deception, the parents were not informed of potential harm and consequences, or of the possibility to reverse the damage

Protection from harm, the purpose was to condition fear of neutral stimulus with permanent consequences

Respect, the child wasn't not acknowledged as a human, and only as a dependant variable

Informed consent, the child could not consent to the experiment, and there were no special safeguarding procedures to protect the child

Evaluate:
This study hallmarked ethical issues in research, and served as a basis for the importance of ethics and participant protection in research.

Long-lasting consequences for the child were not considered and if the experiment played a role in the childs early death.

The study proved fears could be taught and ingrained in young children through simple methods, both allowing parents to repeat this experiment at home, and to be wary of children developing phobias to neutral stimulus.

Ethical experiment:
Using adult participants and ensuring informed consent, as well as informing of the possibility of direct unconditioning.

Non-participant observation of children where behaviour is observed in a natural environment, with no direct intervention.

Adult participants are involved in experiments to test behaviour observed in children.

Sophie C, Matt T, Rachel G]]> 2023-10-13 10:12:38 UTC https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745014429 Hofling's obedience experiment (1967) https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745021545 The main ethical issue that we have agreed on is the fact that there was no informed consent. The other ethical issues that were breached are right to withdraw, protection from harm (nurses) and deception. 



This is when you are giving your consent to the experimenter and you are able to fully understand the study that you are a part of.



The study breached an ethical issue because none of the nurses knew that they were apart of a study.They did not give informed consent and they never had the right to withdraw from the study.



The impact of the experiment highlighted the fact of subordination between male doctors and female nurses. The study showed that 21 nurses followed orders blindly even though it was breaking ethical code by taking orders over the phone. There was only one nurse that did not follow the orders and refused to administer the drug to the patient. 



Because of this study, nurses now have to have ethical issues training and there is more of a professional attitude towards giving orders and debating them when something is morally wrong.

The issue of deception was a massive breach of cod eof conduct for the nurses as they may have been administering a lethal dose of a medication to the patient, this could have giving them trust issues, made them lose their lisence and question their ability


lucy, lukas, sam 

]]> 2023-10-13 10:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745021545 Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo 1971) https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745027316 1) Not mentioned in the participants contracts was the fact they would be arrested and processed by the police department as any convict would be.
2) There is an argument that selection bias was present in the study. Thomas Carnahan and Sam McFarland argued that those who applied for the study already had traits associated with abusiveness.
3) David Jaffe, research assistant who acted as the prisons 'superintendent', encouraged a guard to be more "tough".
4) Participants mental wellbeing was not protected, the 'prisoners' were held in inhumane conditions, with each having less than a square meter of space to sleep.
As well as this, the 'prisoners' were hardly allowed to sleep and were woken up with startling methods. The methods used by the 'Guards' were comparable to those used in the widely criticised acts of torture and abuse in the US-run Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. 

Things that could have been done differently in the study are; having repercussions for when guards got too aggressive, giving the "prisoners" time to exercise for emotional wellbeing and being held in a place that replicates a prison better. They could also just not redo the study as the US Navy used the study to train people to cope with stress of captivity rather than highlighting the flaw in modern prison and why it affects the amount of reconviction. ]]> 2023-10-13 10:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/joan_ruddock/bjpp4zx8nq0z/wish/2745027316