Element: event

Context: social, education

Although the Civil War and subsequent reconstruction era-initiated education reform initiatives, historians identify the early twentieth century as the definite substantial period of educational reform. Immigration, the growth of U.S. cities, and the shift from an agrarian-based society to to an industrial one, all contributed to dramatic changes in American society, and as a result, the call for a change. Known as the Progressive Era, the years between 1880o and 1930 are characterized by widespread reform including education. In 1893, the National Education Association sponsored the Committee of Ten that some refer to as the humanist viewpoint. The committee proposed a curriculum based on “The Seven Cardinal Principles,” which emphasized health, family relationships, citizenship, and vocation over academic instruction. The Progressive Education era, in all aspects, affects all education inquiries. Under the direction of Clarence Kingsley and the National Education Association, the publication of the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education signified  25-year shift in focus in the American curriculum from traditional subjects to personal skills. 

Element: reform

Context: social, political 

The Second Industrial Revolution integrates the Vocational Guidance Movement led by Frank Parsons. Frank Parsons founded the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908, nevertheless, the National Vocational Guidance Association later became the National Career Development Association (NCDA) which is a significant groundwork for school counselors especially in the high school environment. The NCDA becomes a momentous and framework for counselors to use as a guideline to prepare student’s career development. Due to the Second Industrial Revolution’s demand in training for the workforce, the NCDA provides the standards to empower students for career and life goals. 

Element: reform 

Context: social, educational 

In 1957, the Russians beat Americans into space with the launching of the space satellite Sputnik; Americans interpreted this event as a sign of the nation’s declining competitive edge, and as in times past, turned to the schools for a solution. In other words, education in the United States was looked as too “soft” and not current with other global countries. Although the educational reform that initiated was largely for excellence, it also postulated equal educational opportunities for minority students. The Equity Reform Movement impacts the counseling field because it widens the rigor for more challenging educational standards not only to top students but to all student demographics. 

Element: event

Context: social, political, cultural 

The Great Depression highlighted the need for education, federal funding, and programs to improve education in the future. The passage of the George Dean Act, which provided funds directly for the purposes of vocational guidance counseling did guidance counselors start increasing counselor support. Throughout history, schools have been shaped to assimilate immigrants, prepare students for the workforce, redistribute wealth, and help the United States compete in a global economy. The Great Depression facilitated the sympathetic emotion of failure among all social classes no matter what social-economic status the individual or family was before the Great Depression period. The consequence of the Great Depression abetted the ability for regaining the significance of an education and must needed educational programs for America’s future. 

Element: event, reform

Context: social, political, education

The New Deal implemented programs to teach minority groups to read and write. After the Great Depression era, America’s schools, teachers, and students had suffered enormously. There were massive numbers of individuals who were illiterate or did not possess even the most basic job skills. The New Deal agencies such as the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. set up camps for basic literacy instruction and remedial classes. As the program progressed, more advanced instruction was offered in such subjects as mathematics and history, which gave more jobs to teachers, along with more basic technical and vocational training. Furthermore, the New Deal socially influences the United States by admitting African Americans to jobs, training, and the support for education. The New Deal directly impacts the counseling field for Americans to seek an education and eventually a post-education. 

Element: person

Context: social 

Carl Rogers influenced the humanistic approach to society. Furthermore, Carl Rogers started the counselor/client relationship where the counselor provides empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regarding counselors. Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals, wishes, and desires in life. Furthermore, and more importantly regarding education, Carl Rogers viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard form other people and self-worth. Our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve self-actualization. Without Carl Rogers and his humanistic approach, counselors would only provide guidance and not actual “counseling”. Carl Rogers and his humanistic approach is meaningful to the guidance and counseling field to support all types of student learners and necessities in a school atmosphere. 

Element: law

Context: educational

The National Defense Education Act of 1958 became one of the most successful legislative initiatives in higher education. The act establishes the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education and made substantial funds available for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private colleges and universities. This act provided the ability for school counselors were to support students and their right to have admission to a postsecondary education. The ability to assist all students no matter their socio-economic status is meaningful in the counseling field especially for 11^th and 12^th graders seeking a post-secondary education. Furthermore, the National Defense Education Act allowed funds to be available for students in which education becomes reachable to nearly everybody. The American aspiration effectively becomes assumed for those who work hard for it. 

Element: law

Context: social, educational

With his Great Society’s program, President Johnson passed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) in 1965. The ESEA created a clear role of federal government involvement in K-12 policy in which it offered $1billion a year known as Title I to help districts help cover education costs of disadvantage students. Furthermore, this law comes in during the Civil Rights Movement, therefore, a Civil Rights law. 

Element: law

Context: educational

No Child Left Behind was the product of a collaboration between civil rights and business groups both Democrats and Republicans, and the Bush administration. The policy sought to increase American competitiveness and close the achievement gap between the poor and minority students and their more advantage peers. Furthermore, the No Child Left Behind had a controversial impact on teaching, learning, and the school improvement. Although controversial due to the high-rank testing and accountability, the No Child Left Behind policy impacts counselors and all school leadership in addition to the students since school’s data are collected as a whole. 

Element: law

Context: educational

This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education la and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students. ESSA maintains an expectation that there will be accountability and action to effect positive change in the lowest-performing schools, where group of students are not making progress, and where graduation rates are low over extended periods of time. For the first time, Every Student Succeeds Act requires that all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers. 

 

 

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn.

 

Education Week. (2016, March 31). ESSA Explained: Inside the New Federal K-12 Law [video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/zWQGmU-J80Q

 

Feldmann, D. (2005). Twenty-Five Years of Erosion in the Curriculum: The ... Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?EbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESeprI4zOX0OLCmr1GeqK9Ssqy4S6+WxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGutk+2prNJuePfgeyx43zx1+6B&T=P&P=AN&S=R&D=a9h&K=17490699.

 

Guidance and School Counseling - A Brief History of School Guidance and Counseling in the United States. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2023/Guidance-Counseling-School.html.

 

Klein, A. (2018). No Child Left Behind Overview: Definitions, Requirements, Criticisms, and More. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html.

 

Mcleod, S. (1970). Carl Rogers: Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html.

 

Sputnik Spurs Passage of the National Defense Education Act. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Sputnik_Spurs_Passage_of_National_Defense_Education_Act.htm.

 

Woolner, D. B. (2015). The New Deal's Unintended Impact on Education. Retrieved from https://rooseveltinstitute.org/new-deals-unintended-impact-education/.