EIC 404 e-Portfolio: Festivals by Adilah https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk Cultural Perspectives in Malaysia | Nur Adilah Athirah Mohd | 2020960013 | LG2432Ai en-us 2020-03-31 16:40:41 UTC 2023-07-26 04:36:44 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/204977772/481d843478a413eb19a8440aa7b7c69b/flag_round_250.png adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/484991436 2020-03-31 17:08:12 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/484991436 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485002584 2020-03-31 17:13:04 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485002584 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485007743 2020-03-31 17:15:19 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485007743 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485012724 2020-03-31 17:17:29 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485012724 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485018660 2020-03-31 17:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/485018660 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501698299 2020-04-10 08:41:46 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501698299 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501706413 2020-04-10 08:48:48 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501706413 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501709988 2020-04-10 08:51:56 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501709988 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501711056 2020-04-10 08:52:47 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501711056 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501712546 2020-04-10 08:53:54 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501712546 Video: Tadau Kaamatan 2018. adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501744135 This video shows on how the Kadazan-Dusun people celebrates their festivals which is called Kaamatan Harvest Festival. ]]> 2020-04-10 09:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501744135 Video: Mukah Kaul Festival 2018 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501753136 A short clips of how the Melanau community celebrates Kaul Festivals in April every year. ]]> 2020-04-10 09:26:43 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501753136 Video: Pesta Nukenen Bario 2015 (10th Anniversary) adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501756552 In this video, the Kelabit community celebrates Nukenen or Bario Food Festivals with simple activities yet very lively.]]> 2020-04-10 09:29:18 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501756552 Video: Pesta Babulang & Lumba Kerbau 2019 Bisaya Sarawak. adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501822488 This video shows the environment and unique activities during Babulang Festivals and Buffalo Racing in Sarawak. ]]> 2020-04-10 10:24:53 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501822488 Video: #PETRONASGawai Episode 9: The Celebration adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501837925 This video is about the history of Gawai Festivals and a vlog of a foreigner that experiences Gawai Festivals in traditional ways. ]]> 2020-04-10 10:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501837925 Video: Ari Gawai Dayak (Harvest Festival Celebration) adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501838225 In this video, the villagers of Rumah Bdol, Nanga Merit, Kapit, Sarawak can be seen celebrating Gawai Festivals in their own ways while keeping some tradisional customs.]]> 2020-04-10 10:40:15 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/501838225 Brief Description adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738069 The Bidayuh are the third largest indigenous community in Sarawak after the Iban and the Malay. They include six main dialectical subgroups: Bau-Bidayuh, Biatah-Penrissen, Bukar-Sadung, Padawan-Sembaan, Rara and Salako. All the subgroups were collectively called Land Dayak in the past but were officially named Bidayuh by government action in 2002.
What Are Their Lives Like?
Were traditionally longhouse dwellers who made their living by subsistence farming.
Religions: Christian]]> 2020-04-11 08:29:46 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738069 Brief Description adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738121 The Bisaya, also spelled Bisayah, indigenous people of northwestern Borneo, in Malaysia, concentrated above the Padas River and below Beaufort in Sabah state, and in northern Sarawak state. They are of Malay stock and possibly related to the Visayan of the Philippines.
What Are Their Lives Like?

Primarily farmers, with rice being their staple crop. Chilies, maize, cucumbers, pumpkins, eggplant, and other vegetables are also grown. Fruit trees provide bananas, coconuts, and breadfruit. Fish is another important part of the Bisaya diet, as is the meat from wild pigs, deer, and pheasants.

Religions: Islam

]]> 2020-04-11 08:29:51 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738121 Brief Description adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738142 The Kadazan-Dusun is known to be the largest tribe of indigenous people who lives in the State of Sabah, Malaysia. The community prefer themselves to be called Kadazan as it is more appropriate and also because Dusun is the name that the foreigners gave them.

What Are Their Lives Like?

All primary agriculturalists with rice-growing supplemented by vegetable gardening and animal husbandry.

Religions: Islam, Christians

]]> 2020-04-11 08:29:54 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738142 Brief Description adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738168 The Kelabit are an ethnic group in Malaysia with a small number living in Indonesia. The main Kelabit settlement is in northeast Sarawak, Malaysia. The Kelabit heartland, Bario lies 1,000 metres above sea level in the remote Kelabit Highlands. Bario is accessible only by air transport.
What Are Their Lives Like?
Longhouse settlements.
plant wet-paddy, producing high-quality rice commonly known as 'Bario Rice', cultivate fruits and raise buffaloes.
Religions: Islam, Christian]]> 2020-04-11 08:29:56 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738168 Brief Description adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738192 Malaysia's largest state is known to be Sarawak and among the people that inhabit such territory is the Melanau tribe. Living along the famous river in Sarawak, Sungai Rajang to Bintulu, the Melanau tribe is one of the earliest indigenous community that settles in Sarawak and even have the same origins with the Orang Hulu.
What Are Their Lives Like?

Mostly farmers, fishermen, sago producers, and traders. Cultivation of sago palm, wet rice, coconut, and rubber supplements their economy. They consider education a priority, and some of the Melanau has thrived in politics, business, and public life.

Religions: Islam, Christian

]]> 2020-04-11 08:29:59 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502738192 Journal Article: Salience of Language as an Ethnic Marker: A Snapshot of the Bidayuh of Sarawak, Malaysia adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502818990 Key points from the article:

1. The harvest festival allows a community-wide gathering of the Bidayuh. The Bidayuh who is working elsewhere such as in other parts of Sarawak and Malaysia and even other countries return for the Gawai celebration.

2. Originally and is still celebrated by the Iban and Bidayuh as Gawai Padi for marking rice harvest seasons

3. Gawai has its religious significance in that the Bidayuh priestess collects the paddy seeds from the river given by the Paddy spirit, Ieng Podi and seeks the blessing of the spirits for the next planting season.

4. Gawai Padi was gazetted as Gawai Dayak in 1964 by the new Malaysian government as an ethnic holiday on the first of June every year and has evolved from a ritual holiday to homecoming and feasting.

5. What brings the Bidayuh community together is their contact with one another on a big scale through the Gawai Dayak celebration.

6. It is also this time of year that many Dayak weddings take place, as it is rare for all members of the community to assemble at the longhouse at one time.

7. Food maintains its symbolic importance during Gawai Dayak celebration for the Bidayuh.

7.1 In traditional Bidayuh kampong, some of this ethnic food is prepared as offerings to the spirits.

7.2 In modern Bidayuh kampong, these food are still prepared as part of the celebration itself.

]]> 2020-04-11 11:07:46 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502818990 Blog Article: Traveling in my own backyard: Babulang festival and Buffalo racing adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819017 Key points from the article:

1. In the past, Babulang was a feast-giving ceremony. In the traditional Bisaya community where there was no set hierarchical system, a person’s social status depended on his ability to provide a feast–Babulang.

2. The scale of the fest would then determine the “ranking” of the person, or his family, in that society. The rationale was that the hosting of the Babulang involved a substantial amount of expenses and required great organizational skill for the ceremony to run smoothly.

3. The Babulang was also a challenge, a grand scale dares between two men would invite as many as people he likes to his house to stay for as long as he desires, and fill up their stomach with buffalo meat.

4. It did not matter how long it took to return the favour, but once a person accepted another’s Babulang, he was in debt until he or his children repaid it if he dies.

]]> 2020-04-11 11:07:50 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819017 News Article: Sights, sounds and tastes of highlands adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819062 Key points from the article:

1. The Bario Food Festival, also known as Pesta Nukenen, has grown considerably since its start 10 years ago as one of the country’s first successful food festivals, attracting large numbers of visitors from Sarawak and overseas.

2. Over the three-day festival, about 1,200 people participated in various activities and sampled the sights, sounds and tastes of the highlands.

3. Dozens of stalls displaying traditional cuisine and handicrafts were put up along the main street of the village while the central stage area hosted entertainment for all ages.

4. Each stall is decorated with plants, mats, palm leaves and bamboo. Most had pineapples as their decor pieces.

5. Some of the cuisines featured a unique blend of ingredients not found elsewhere, such as the Kelabit salt processed from salt springs in the mountains, insect larvae are known as “kelatang” and river snails called “akep”.

6. There was also a selection of wild vegetables, including various species of ferns, leafy varieties of “tengayan” and “dorey”, “lanau” or Bario asparagus, mushrooms, bamboo and rattan shoots, wild ginger, “ubud buan” or palm pith, and “ubud kenangan” and “ipa’” used to spice up meals.

]]> 2020-04-11 11:07:56 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819062 Journal Article: Understanding of Al-Quran amongst the Melanau Ethnic Group: toward Constructing a Translation Module of Al-Quran adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819078 Key points from the article:
1. Their traditional customs are frequently manifested in various gathering events including the Kaul festival.

2. The non-Muslims among them continue to observe animistic traditional festivals such as the Kaul festival as their main festive celebration.

3. Among other Melanau beliefs in the power of the supernatural is the honouring of guardian spirits in festive gatherings such as the Kaul (cleansing or purification) festival.

4. This festival is an annual event celebrated by the Melanau community. Kaul is one of the oldest customs which is still being practised. It was very important in the past in terms of Melanau beliefs. It represents honouring and thanksgiving the guardian spirits, ipok kala.

5. The Kaul festival is held on the right of the river-mouth because it is considered an important place where the land, sea and river meet, a natural place important for the economic activity of this community.

6. During the Kaul ceremony, invocations are directed towards the ipok kala to preserve peace and increase the catch or harvest of the following year.

7. It is held every year in the month of March, after the monsoon period.

8. The first month in the annual cycle is called the month of pengejin (spirits) during which the kaul ceremony is held

9. On a festive day, after sessions of chants and incantations, the seraheng-seraheng (decorated poles) are brought upriver in a boat procession and planted around the river mouth with food served on the trays or baskets. Next, the Kaul father will scatter yellow rice around the food offerings and invite the ipok kala to eat it. Then the Kaul father will make invocations to the ipok kala to increase providence for the following year. ]]> 2020-04-11 11:07:59 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/502819078 News Article: Kaamatan fest ends on high note adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513610364 Key points from the article: .
"We know change is constant in life and I am welcoming any changes that are good for us," said by Parti Bersatu Sabah’s premier adviser, Pairin.

"The importance of rejecting religious extremism and racism in a diverse society like Sabah, and that the differences should instead be seen as a strength," said by Chief Minister Datuk Seri Shafie Apdal.]]> 2020-04-17 19:36:52 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513610364 Blog Article: Kaamatan: Tale of Harvest adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513619693 Key points from the article:
1. The Harvest Festival, or commonly known as Tadau Kaamatan, is a sacred tradition to honour the bond between the Creator and Creation.

2. The word ‘Kaamatan’ means “harvest” in the Kadazan-Dusun.

3. It is a festival loaded with cultural events such as a game of Mipulos (knuckle wrestling) and Migayat Lukug (Tug of War) or competing with others in Sugandoi, a singing competition.

4. The most anticipated event is Unduk Ngadau beauty pageant. It derives from the word ‘Runduk Tadau’ meaning ‘the girl crowned by sunlight.’ This beauty pageant is a tribute to Huminodun, who was sacrificed by her father so the people could have a plentiful harvest. Unduk Ngadau goes beyond than just a pretty face; it is to represent Huminodun and the sacrifices she has given for the Kadazan-Dusun community.]]> 2020-04-17 19:42:57 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513619693 Journal Article: Investigating the Relationship between Kadazandusun Beliefs about Paddy Spirits, Riddling in Harvest-time and Paddy-Related Sundait adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513627560 Key points from the article:

1. The utmost importance to these farming communities and given its prominent role in their lives, it is not surprising that the planting, growing and harvesting of the paddy are of great spiritual significance to the Kadazan-Dusun.

2. The Kadazan-Dusun belief in the paddy field as a place inhabited by spirits was the evolution of the traditional harvest practice of riddling.

3. S ix paddy spirits related ceremonies observed by the Kadazan:

3.1 The Kumogos Ceremony: A bobohizan (ritual specialist) will select and tie-up seven stalks of healthy paddy.

3.2 The Kumotob Ceremony: The bobohizan selects seven stalks of good paddy from the field before harvesting.

3.3 The Posisip Ceremony: The bobohizan takes the tadang containing the seven stalks of paddy to a paddy hut.

3.4 The Poiib Ceremony: In the rice hut, the bobohizan carefully pours the rice into the tangkob.

3.5 The Magavau Ceremony: Focuses on the restoration of bambarayon as well as offering the spirit food.

(before: was performed in the paddy field on the night of the first full moon after the harvest.

now: carried out in the house of the owner of the field)

3.6 The Humabot Ceremony: After all the serious ritual ceremonies, it is time to celebrate the harvest festival, usually from 30th-31st May.

4. Besides focusing on the Kadazan-Dusun belief in paddy spirits and the expression of these beliefs via riddling practices conducted at harvest-time, those Kadazan-Dusun riddles with paddy and a wide range of paddy related practices and paraphernalia as the riddle subjects will be examined in detail.

5. Impolite acts, such as shouting in the paddy field and riddling outside of harvest time, are to be avoided.

]]> 2020-04-17 19:48:37 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513627560 Journal Article: A Tale of Two Celebrations: the Pesta Kaamatan as a site of struggle between a minority and the state in Sabah, East Malaysia adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513667520 Key points from the article:

1. The importance of Kaamatan, beyond its connection with agriculture, traditionally the main form of livelihood of the Kadazan-Dusun, lies in the fact that it symbolises their cultural identity within the Malaysian multi-ethnic environment.

2. Took place almost simultaneously on the 31st of May and organised by the Kadazan-Dusun Cultural Association (KDCA).

3. The significance of Kaamatan is symbolic, political and historical.

4. Before starting the harvest, the father should take seven stalks of padi (called toguruon) and tie them to one end of a spliced bamboo stick and plant them at the centre of the field, and then take them home in the rice storage container after the harvest was completed.

5. The Kadazan Harvest Festival by the British authorities and its proclamation as a public holiday.

6. Kaamatan involves not only a great degree of reification, but also of participation, as individuals are directly involved in its organisation and realisation through many practices they carry out as members of families, villages, bands, dance ensembles, cultural associations, audiences, readerships.

]]> 2020-04-17 20:18:18 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/513667520 News Article: Kaul: Platform for the Melanau community to strengthen social cohesion adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514336674 Key points from the article:

1. The purpose of Kaul is to avert misfortune from the village at the beginning of each year, and with this, it cleanses the village.

2. Kaul is also a way for people to ask for a good livelihood, harmony and prosperity for the future.

3. In the past, Kaul is a cleansing ceremony held after a period of hardship, and it is a way for the people to express their gratitude after successfully going through a difficult season, particularly the landas (rainy) season

4. Kaul signifies the end of the landas season, meaning the fisherman can go to the sea again and farmers can work the fields without the disturbance of bad weather.

5. The Kaul ceremony gives confidence to the community that they will receive protection and they need not feel afraid to do something, particularly economic activities to earn their livelihood.

6. Kaul can be considered as the most festive and the biggest traditional ceremony which brings together friends, relatives and people from neighbouring villages.

7. Kaul which has been modernised, is celebrated by having a variety of activities which are tibow (giant swing) ceremony, the exhibition of traditional food, promotion of agricultural produce, bicycle riding competition, beauty contest and sports including tug of war and kite flying, rafting with sago branches, umai making competition, football (bola sepak tujuh sebelah) and fishing.

8. After the ceremony ends, the taboos that imposed on the people and the participants are:

8.1 They are not allowed to enter the jungle for fear of being possessed by spirits.

8.2 Fishermen are also not allowed to catch fish for a day.

8.3 They not allowed to bring back food which has been served.

9. To ensure that it is effective, all customs, ceremonies, instruments, food and taboos related to it are continued.

]]> 2020-04-18 13:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514336674 Journal Article: Traditional Melanau Woodcarving (Bilum) in Dalat, Sarawak adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514378275 Key points from the article:

1. It is undertaken in order to feed and appease the spirits so as to drive out sickness and, misfortune from the village for the good of the whole Melanau community.

2. In the ceremony of Kaul, a large wooden pole called 'blisieng' is used. It is believed that two bilum, a male and a female, are kept inside the 'blisieng', to which a big basket is attached.

3. Items like cakes, eggs, chicken, bunga teliput (Lotus flower), daun sireh (beetle leaves), kapor and pinang (lime and beetle-nut), cigarettes and matches are placed inside the basket as a token to the spirit.

3. Usually, two 'serahang' poles are used to mark the limits to which the spirits will be moved.

4. One 'serahang' pole is planted in the village while the other one is half a mile down the river.

]]> 2020-04-18 14:29:23 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514378275 News Article: The workings of Kaul as practised by the Melanaus adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514412441 Key points from the article:
1. Kaul is believed to have been practised for more than 300 years.

2. It was a practice of the Melanaus before the advent of Islam and Christianity. It signifies the identity and culture of the Melanaus.

3. Nowadays, it is not only celebrated by those who hold on to traditional beliefs, but also by Muslim and Christian Melanaus.

4. The Kaul ceremony is believed to have been first practised when measles and diarrhoea epidemics hit several villages and many people, regardless of age, died.

5. Until one day a man from a “berimopo” village was given a sign in a dream that to prevent the spread of the disease, “ipok” (the spirit which caused the disease) needed to be appeased and fed.

]]> 2020-04-18 15:02:37 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514412441 News Article: Gawai Dayak Festival adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514595722 Key points from the article:

1. The Gawai Dayak festival is celebrated yearly on 1 June in Sarawak, is both a religious and social festival.

2. Gawai means ritual or festival and Dayak is a collective name for the tribes of Iban, Bidayuh, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Murut and more.

3. The first official celebration being on 1 June 1965, Gawai Dayak became a symbol of unity, aspiration and hope for the Dayak community and is an integral part of Dayak social life today.

4. Preparations for the festival begin early with the brewing of tuak (rice wine) and traditional delicacies like penganan (cakes from rice flour, sugar and coconut milk). On Gawai Eve, glutinous rice is roasted in bamboo known as ngelulun pulut.

5. On this day, the homes of the Dayaks will be open to visitors since the festival may last up to several days.

]]> 2020-04-18 18:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514595722 News Article: Gawai celebration incomplete without essential tuak adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514603601 Key points from the article:
1. The Bidayuh women dressed in their finest signature black, red and white traditional costumes, with belt ornaments made of silver coins and beaded accessories, dance gracefully on creaking bamboo flooring.

2. Friends and relatives, sitting on a hand-woven rattan mat on the floor, enjoy traditional dishes at a Bidayuh longhouse.

3. Guests are also served the traditional locally brewed rice wine, popularly known as tuak.

4. Tuak is a must-have during Gawai Dayak as well as other important occasions and festivals.

5. The main ingredients of the drink are rice or glutinous rice, yeast, sugar and water.

6. The longer it is left to age, the more concentrated and better tasting it will be.

7. One of the "pantang" (prohibitions) observed by Dayak women while brewing the drink is they believe that menstruation will make the tuak bad, as the fermentation process would not be successful.]]> 2020-04-18 18:14:55 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514603601 News Article: Gawai, the harvest festival that glues Dayaks together adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514622316 Key points from the article:
1. The time of celebration was indefinite except that it always marked the end of the rice farming cycle and the start of the new planting season.

2. The Dayaks celebrate many festivals, but the harvest Gawai is the most significant.

3. Among the sights and sounds usually associated with Gawai Dayak are “ngajat” (Iban traditional warrior dance), “Kumang” pageants (for girls and women) and “Keling” contests (for men), drinking of “tuak” (rice wine) and the serving of “sarang semut” (Iban delicacy) which is something of a necessity during the festival in some places.

4. Nativistic or animistic rituals and prayers are also performed to both thank and ask the gods/spirits for their blessings of the past and good fortune for the coming year.]]> 2020-04-18 18:37:17 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514622316 News Article: Pesta Babulang of the Bisayas adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514693076 Key points from the article:

1. Pesta Babulang is a festival significant to the Bisaya community in Batu Danu and Limbang, Sarawak that usually held in June.

2. The festival marks the end of the harvesting season and bountiful harvest and welcomes a new farming cycle.

3. The Bisaya community celebrate by donning their intricately-woven traditional costumes. Many of the women put on their traditional attire called baju masuk, comprising a sarong and a black jacket with embroidered motifs, while the men wear jackets and singan during the three-day celebration.

4. The highlight of the festival is the buffalo race involving teams from Sarawak itself, Sabah and Brunei trying to outrace each other, riding on bare buffalo back.

5. For something more feminine, there’s the ‘Ratu Babulang’ festival that draws many the Bisaya lasses to vie for this annual beauty crown.

6. There is also an array of traditional activities such as singing, games, the beating of gongs, cultural performances, dances, displays of handicrafts, beadworks and embroideries, traditional food competitions as well as boat decorations (perahu berhias).

]]> 2020-04-18 20:10:28 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514693076 News Article: Buffalo races cap Babulang Festival adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514703754 Key points from the article:
1. Around twenty-five buffaloes and their riders took part in five races, including a straight race and a two-lap race for small and large buffaloes, and a relay.

2. Some hilarious moments are when several riders fell off their mounts and some buffaloes running in the wrong direction.

3. There also has a contest for the best-decorated buffalo cart, which was used in the past by the Bisaya to transport rice. ]]> 2020-04-18 20:25:31 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514703754 Blog Article: Nukenen -Bario Food Festival adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514727116 Key points from the article:
Other Activities to do during Nukenen:
1. Hike up Korea Hill - Just near the town centre where the Nukenen Festival there is a trail that leads up to Korea Hill. A 10-minute hike, the view makes it all worth it. Plenty of hills surrounding Bario for you to try out.

2. Trek to Pa’Lungan Monolith - This is a full day trek and is guaranteed to give you an appetite once you have done this trek. This would take you about 8 hours in total or maybe less.

3. Jungle Shopping - This is what the Nukenen is all about, celebrating the various bountiful supplies available to the Kelabit community from their nearby jungles.]]> 2020-04-18 21:02:19 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/514727116 Blog Article: Pesta Nukenen Bario adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/515672848 Key points from the article:

1. The history of the Bario Food Festival dates back 10 years ago in 2005 where the main principle objective was to recover the traditional processing methods of the Kelabit highland people which includes the indigenous edible plants and wildlife.

2. This food festival is considered to be one of the world's most unique festival due to the overall culinary process and experience. Because Bario is not an easy place to reach in the highlands, this resulted in the locals have kept the centuries-old tradition and recipes safeguarded.

3. However, with modernization, many of the younger generations have moved from the highlands to the fast-moving city life and hence fewer people are getting involved in this process

4. The Kelabit food is more of a slow food which is processed from scratch using all kinds of natural ingredients. The blend of diverse ingredients used is also not found anywhere in the world making this place the main hub for the delicacy. One of the main reasons why you will not find any authentic the Kelabit restaurants anywhere.

5. Not only experience the unique and amazing food but also witness the Kelabit lifestyle, traditional dances, games and even music of the Kelabit people.

6. Traditional games were held throughout the day, such as “nepaq apo”, which requires contestants to jump up and poke a stick through rattan weaving, and “menad ulung”, a favourite among children, where they have to climb a slippery bamboo pole to grab goodies strung at the top.

]]> 2020-04-19 17:02:21 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/515672848 Blog Article: Pesta Nukenen: Sarawak’s Amazing Food Festival adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/515697539 Key points from the article:

1. The three-day festival showcases all sorts of rare treats, from jungle grubs, wild meat, edible flowers and the glamorous Adan Rice which is also popularly known as Bario Rice.

2. Special and tasty local dishes that simply must try:

2.1 Nubag Layag - mushed homegrown red Bario rice wrapped in the leaf called ‘Isit’.

2.2 Pucuk Ubek - a delightful concoction of pounded tapioca leaves.

2.3 Urum Ubek - glutinous rice fritters.

2. The history of this must-have rice dish is that it was the standard food local farmers would carry with them as snacks when they had to head over to their farms.

3. The best thing about these delicacies is that they all come straight from mother nature so there are no MSG, no additives and no processing in most of the dishes. It’s not only yummy but it’s really healthy for you too.

]]> 2020-04-19 17:20:25 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/515697539 References adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517458986 Image:
n.a. (2015, September 11).

Sarawak Kampung Taee Gawai Parade 2015. Bombastic Borneo. Retrieved from: https://bombasticborneo.com/2015/09/sarawak-kampung-taee-gawai-parade-2015/

Map:
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n.a. (2008, May 7). Gawai Dayak Festival. Tourism Malaysia Corporate Site. Retrieved from: https://www.tourism.gov.my/media/view/gawai-dayak-festival

Kenneth, R. (2019, June 1).

Gawai, the harvest festival that glues Dayaks together. New Sarawak Tribune. Retrieved from: https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/gawai-the-harvest-festival-that-glues-dayaks-together/

Goh, P. P. (2019, June 2). Gawai celebration incomplete without essential tuak. New Straits Times Online. Retrieved from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/493424/gawai-celebration-incomplete-without-essential-tuak

Journal Article:
Su, H. T., & Campbell, Y. M. (2013). Salience of Language as an Ethnic Marker: A Snapshot of the Bidayuh of Sarawak, Malaysia. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259939299_Ting_S_H_Campbell_Y_M_2013_November_16-17_Salience_of_ethnic_identity_as_an_ethnic_marker_A_snapshot_of_the_Bidayuh_in_Sarawak_Malaysia_Proceedings_of_International_Conference_on_Languages_2013_ICL_20

Video:
Petronas. (2013). #PETRONASGawai Episode 9: The Celebration. (Video file). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PMvMca9BvI&feature=emb_logo

Lionel Benang Chai. (2014).

Ari Gawai Dayak (Harvest Festival Celebration). (Video file). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=lgh4Z9p9QPk&feature=emb_logo

]]> 2020-04-20 13:20:22 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517458986 References adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517460693 Image:
Link:
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/oLiIFIV0VDw/maxresdefault.jpg

Map:
Link: https://joshuaproject.net/assets/media/profiles/maps/m10876_my.png

News Article:
Mohammad Abdullah. (2013, September 1). Pesta Babulang of the Bisayas. Borneo Post Online. Retrieved from: https://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/pesta-babulang-of-the-bisayas/

Nation. (2007, June 11). Buffalo races cap Babulang Festival. The Star Online. Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2007/06/11/buffalo-races-cap-babulang-festival/

Blog Article:
Wander2nowhere. (2014, July 12).

Traveling in my own backyard: Babulang festival and Buffalo racing. Retrieved from: http://wander2nowhere.com/2014/07/babulang-festival-and-buffalo-racing/

Video:
John Bika. (2019). Pesta Babulang & Lumba Kerbau 2019 Bisaya Sarawak. (Video file). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm1GUJI6CKY&feature=emb_logo

]]> 2020-04-20 13:21:01 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517460693 References adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461198 Image:
Wikipedia contributors. (2020, April 7). Kadazan-Dusun. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadazan-Dusun&oldid=949553160

Map:
Link: https://joshuaproject.net/assets/media/profiles/maps/m11393_my.png

News Article:
Inus, K. (2019, June 1). Kaamatan fest ends on high note. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/01/kaamatan-fest-ends-on-high-note

Journal Article:
- Barlocco, F. (2011). A Tale of Two Celebrations: The Pesta Kaamatan as a Site of Struggle between a Minority and the State in Sabah, East Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 39(5), 605-626. Retrieved from: https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/361735936/6f47f72f08af28c5c98095ff9a7c1ca2/Kaamatan_2.pdf

- Low, Kok On and Lee, Yok Fee. (2012). Investigating the relationship between Kadazandusun beliefs about paddy spirits, riddling in harvest-time and paddy-related sundait. MALIM: Jurnal Pengajian Umum Asia Tenggara, 13. pp. 65-93. ISSN 1511-8393. Retrieved from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1005.5898&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Blog Article:
Estelle. (2017, May 29). Kaamatan: Tale of Harvest. Travelogue - Amazing Borneo Tours. Retrieved from: https://www.amazingborneo.com/travel/kaamatan-tale-of-harvest

Video:
Danny Denieyll Johannes Ngoai. (2018). Tadau Kaamatan 2018. (Video file). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VovsAy1Q6wg

]]> 2020-04-20 13:21:13 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461198 References adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461457 Image:
Azfar Rosehaizat. (2017, September 19). Kelabit Highlands: Malaysia’s Undiscovered Treasure. Retrieved from: https://www.lokalocal.com/blog/local-story/kelabit-highlands-undiscovered-treasure/

Map:
Link: https://joshuaproject.net/assets/media/profiles/maps/m12442.png

News Article:
Community. (2015, August 19). Sights, sounds and tastes of highlands. The Star Online. Retrieved from: https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/08/19/sights-sounds-and-tastes-of-highlands-threeday-festival-showcases-rich-legacy-of-kelabit-traditions

Blog Article:
Malaysia Asia. (2015, March 23).

Pesta Nukenen Bario. Malaysia Asia Travel Blog. Retrieved from: http://blog.malaysia-asia.my/2015/03/pesta-nukenen-bario.html

n.a. (2018, March 15). Pesta Nukenen: Sarawak’s Amazing Food Festival. Retrieved from: https://www.gaiadiscovery.com/arts-music-festivals/pesta-nukenen-sarawak-amazing-bario-food-festival

Dayak Wanderer. (2020, January 7). Nukenen - Bario Food Festival. Retrieved from: https://dayakwanderer.com/2020/01/07/nukenen-bario-food-festival/

Video:
Curtin Media Association. (2015). Pesta Nukenen Bario 2015 (10th Anniversary. (Video file). Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0-9id5zqYk&feature=emb_logo

]]> 2020-04-20 13:21:19 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461457 References adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461864 Image:
Introducing The Malanau. Retrieved from: http://www.suntravelborneo.com/the-melanau/

Map:
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News Article:
Dr Jeniri Amir. (2019, April 27). The workings of Kaul as practised by the Melanaus. ST Online. Retrieved from: https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/the-workings-of-kaul-as-practised-by-the-melanaus/?amp

Dr Jeniri Amir. (2017, April 26). Kaul: Platform for the Melanau community to strengthen social cohesion. Sarawak Voice. Retrieved from: https://sarawakvoice.com/2017/04/26/kaul-platform-for-the-melanau-community-to-strengthen-social-cohesion/

Journal Article:
- Tengku Intan Zarina Tengku Puji, Mazlan Ibrahim, Zaimuariffudin Shukri Nordin, Ibtisam Abdullah, Nozira Salleh, Moktar Bin Husain, & Munirah Binti Abd Ghani. (2015). Understanding of Al-Quran amongst the Melanau Ethnic Group: toward Constructing a Translation Module of Al-Quran. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research IPEDR vol.83. Retrieved from http://www.ipedr.com/vol83/011-S011.pdf

- Chong, C.S. (1982). Traditional Melanau Woodcarving (Bilum) in Dalat, Sarawak. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Retrieved from http://eprints.usm.my/35367/1/CHONG_CHIN_SENG_(KHK)_(NN24).pdf

Video:
Persatuan Melanau Mukah. (2018). Mukah Kaul Festival 2018. (Video file). Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1389558364481326]]> 2020-04-20 13:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/517461864 adilahathirah99 https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/522741481 2020-04-22 11:40:30 UTC https://padlet.com/adilahathirah99/bhl44f893mxk/wish/522741481