The Neolithic Societies were composed of families or people (up to 50 or 300) that lived together or in neighboring houses. According to your age, gender and kinship, you had a significant role in society. Labor was introduced and gave people a rank in society, known as social classes; they also had food surpluses (which is the the remaining of food). On the other hand, the Paleolithic Society had nomads. They were groups of 20-50 people, normally family based, they traveled regularly to find their food. Their societies consisted of simple stone, wood and bone materials to help them survive. Based on their genders they had a designated job, Men usually hunted animals while the women stayed and gathered the food.

The Neolithic and Paleolithic had a lot of differences in their settlements as the Paleolithic developed very differently to how the Neolithic settled. The Paleolithic were temporary travelers. Because of this, their shelters were always built with just available materials they had around them like animal hides, wood, brush, and mammoth bones for their short visiting time. The Paleolithic also used caves as their shelters to protect them from the elements and their predators. However, the Neolithic developed very different from how the Paleolithic settled. The Neolithic built shelters for permanent staying therefore, they used strong materials for their shelter’s structure like mud bricks, timber, and stone. In these durable shelters everyone had their own crops and animals to take care of which later helped develop villages.

The Paleolithic and Neolithic periods mark an important change in human history. During the Paleolithic era, people lived by hunting and gathering, used simple tools, and moved often, so their shelters were temporary. In the Neolithic era, people learned to farm and domesticate animals, which gave them a steady food supply. This allowed them to build permanent villages, develop better tools, and create stronger communities. The change from moving around to living in settlements was the beginning of organized societies and the first step toward civilization.

This structure had a meaning of being served as an astronomical calendar and as a site for ceremonies back in the prehistoric period (possibly a burial ground). This was also probably made for the spiritual beliefs of the people in the Neolithic settlements.

. They're working hard to make their new home in America, bringing supplies and starting a colony by the river, probably in Virginia. It looks like a busy new town!

. It showcases densely clustered mud-brick houses with shared walls, accessed via ladders through roof openings, as there were no streets. This unique architectural style highlights early communal living and cultural practices like burying the dead under house floors.

* Neolithic: People grew crops (wheat, barley, peas, lentils) and raised animals, creating a more reliable and steady food supply.

* Neolithic: Polished stone tools, sickles for harvesting, plows for farming, grinding stones for flour, and pottery for cooking and storage.

* Neolithic: Farming replaced most hunting. Hunting became secondary, mainly for extra meat.

* Neolithic: Animals were domesticated — sheep and goats for wool and milk, cows for plowing and milk, pigs for meat. They also provided transport and farming help.

* Neolithic: Sedentary lifestyle; permanent villages were built near fields and rivers, leading to larger, more stable communities.

* Neolithic: Food surpluses stored in clay jars, baskets, and granaries. This allowed planning for winter and bad harvests.

* Neolithic: Surplus led to trade between villages (grains, animals, pottery, tools). Specialization appeared — some farmed, others made tools, pottery, or traded. This was the beginning of organized economies.

It is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind.

It began about 2 million years ago and ending in between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.

. Their settlements were temporary, often caves or simple shelters. Social structures were typically egalitarian, with tasks shared among members. 

Around 10,000 BCE, the Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution began, marking a profound shift from this mobile lifestyle to settled farming. Humans started domesticating plants like wheat and rice, and animals such as goats and cattle, leading to a more reliable and abundant food supply. This allowed for permanent settlements, the growth of villages into towns and cities, and a significant increase in population. The surplus of food freed some individuals from farming, leading to specialization of labor and the emergence of distinct social classes and more complex social hierarchies.

In the Neolithic period, technology became more advanced. People began to polish stone tools to make axes and sickles that were stronger and sharper. They invented the plow to farm land more easily and created pottery to store food and water. Weaving allowed them to make clothing from plants and animal wool. These new tools and technologies improved daily life because people could grow their own food, store it safely, and live in permanent villages.

In the Paleolithic ( Old Stone Age), people got food by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. They ate fruits, nuts, roots, and meat they found in nature. They did not know how to farm or raise animals. Because food sources changed, they had to keep moving to survive. This made them live a nomadic lifestyle.

In the Neolithic ( New Stone Age), people learned how to grow crops like wheat and barley. They also domesticated animals such as goats, sheep, and cows for food. Farming gave them a steady supply of food. Because food was more reliable, they could stay in one place. This led to permanent villages and more advanced societies.

Beliefs of the Paleolithic

During the Paleolithic era, humans have begun to depict different supernatural deities and concepts, for example, in Scandinavia, early humans begun depicting different scenarios in the form of petroglyphs, such scenarios include hunting for elk, fishing for salmon and halibut, other daily activities, and, most notably, depictions of supernatural beings and shamanic rituals. In areas of modern day France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, multiple different idols and totems of women, specifically, obese women, have been discovered and dubbed, “The Venus Figurines”. They were believed to have a symbolism of fertility and maternity, a important concept in the past.

These different depictions of the supernatural later gave way to religion in the Neolithic Period. In modern day Turkey, what is widely considered as the oldest temple to exist, is known as Göbelki Tepé, which means “bellied temple”. It has considered sacred for nomadic people of that time period, as they would stop there and pray to their ancestors and to spirits. And in some areas around Europe and Northern Africa, a new system of belief began to rise, this group of religions is known as paganism, although the more famous versions of this system have emerged later in time, such as Asatru (Norse Paganism), and Kemet (Egyptian Paganism), the earliest known form of paganism is Proto Indo-European Paganism, which retains properties of other religions, and may have influenced them.

In conclusion, religion, as we know it, originated in these two prehistoric periods, and influence our lives today.

The Agricultural Revolution changed their culture a lot. Once people started farming and domesticating animals, they built permanent homes and villages. Culture began to grow because people had more time for art, trade, and creating traditions. Beliefs also changed, since farming depended on rain and the seasons. Many early societies developed religious ideas about gods of the sun, rain, or harvest.

In conclusion, culture and beliefs helped early humans work together and make sense of the world. Farming gave people more stability, and their culture became the start of civilizations.

One of the most iconic Paleolithic technologies is the hand axe, a testament to early human skill. Imagine the process of its creation: selecting a suitable stone, designing the desired shape, and using flakes to create an edge. This wasn't just about brute force, it required an understanding of stone and the proper to handle them. The hand axe served a multitude of purposes, from animals to woodworking, making it a valuable tool for daily life.

Beyond the hand axe, Paleolithic toolkits included scrapers for preparing hides, spear points for hunting, and awls for crafting clothing and shelter. Each tool reflected a specific need and a creative solution to challenges. The development and use of these technologies was shared within early human groups. Improved hunting results led to better nutrition and increased population, while toolmaking skills strengthened social bonds and cultural traditions grew.

The technologies of the Paleolithic Era represent far more than just ideas. They stand as a testament to human innovation, adaptability, and the power of knowledge. These early tools not only enabled survival but also laid the beginning for the social and cultural development of our species. The legacy of the Paleolithic Era is a reminder of the enduring encounter human capacity to create, adapt, and expand in the face of bad luck.

The Paleolithic and Neolithic eras shared many similarities and differences. Many of these included the types of food they ate. In the Paleolithic era so they focused more on hunting and gathering food such as fresh meat, berries, plants, and more. Weapons that they used included spears, rocks ,and knives. Overtime these weapons grew in quality.

The Neolithic diet on the other hand included a lot of agriculture and more wheats. Something that affected this change was that in the Paleolithic era, people lived in caves and were nomads, but in the Neolithic era they settled, started building farms, and focusing more on agriculture.

The food that people hunted and grew throughout the Neolithic and Paleolithic era affected the economy that they had. While being nomads, their economy was based on hunting animals and low quality hunting swords, but when they started settling and focusing more on agriculture, their economy changed to the production of agriculture and domestication of animals.

Steps:

1.We started by crumbling both the cardboard paper and brown paper.

2.We folded the cardboard paper to make a base for the cave.

3.We then shaped the brown paper into a cave like shape and pasted it to the base using hot glue.

4.We used green paint and a sponge like paintbrush to imitate grass.

5.We then painted cave paintings inside our cave using a mixture of red and brown paint and a very thin paintbrush.

6. We used brown paint and a sponge like paintbrush to imitate dirt.

For starters, in Paleolithic times, people would use chipped stones to make knives, and hand axes for cutting up fish, meat and chicken. They’d also make scrapers for cleaning animal hides and bones. Since their main focus was hunting and gathering, their tools didn’t have to be super precise or complex, as long as they got the job done.

In the Neolithic era, tools got more advanced. With the start of farming , more complex tools were needed. New polished stone axes were made to chop down trees for fields. Another tool was a grinding stone. They used these to grind up grains into flour. Pottery was also invented to be able to store food and they learned to weave cloth for clothes.

In conclusion, the reason for these differences is because each era had different needs. The Neolithic era was more about settling down while the Paleolithic era was about hunting and moving around.

2nd picture

Later, people learned how to shape rocks. They hit stones together to make sharp edges. These sharp tools helped cut meat, plants, and wood. They also made knives and spears. This made hunting easier and safer.

Another big discovery was fire. People used fire to stay warm. They used it to cook food so it was safer to eat. Fire also gave them light at night. It helped protect them from wild animals.

The Paleolithic Age was an important time. People learned to make tools and use fire. These things made life easier and safer. They helped humans survive in hard times. Tools and fire were the first steps to new inventions.

In the Paleolithic, they hunted animals for food and gathered plants. They lived as nomadic tribes because they needed to follow animal migrations and needed to get more supplies when they became scarce. There beliefs included animism which is a spiritual connection to animals and the natural world, shamanism which mediate between the physical and spiritual world, the Paleolithic people most likely had a deep spiritual connection with animals wanting to understand their spirits in rituals, and the afterlife.

In the Neolithic period, humans went from hunting to agriculture, leading to the domestication of animals, and the development of permanent settlements like villages and the creation of more advanced polished stone tools. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BCE in the Middle East’s Fertile Crescent the Neolithic beliefs centered on fertility, the natural world, and the afterlife.

In conclusion, both Paleolithic and Neolithic belief in different things and they kinda have different cultures. They advanced from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic a lot, they made things better for them to live and stay.

The Paleolithic period is divided into 3 parts: Lower, Middle, and Upper. During the Paleolithic humans started in Africa (Morocco, Ethiopia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo) which was around 300,000 years BCE. They started moving around and settling more into Asia and the Middle East (Israel, United Arab Emirates and Oman, India, China, Indionesia, Japan, Laos, Russia) which was around 120,000 years BCE. After, they started settling in Australia (Northern Territory and New South Wales) which was around 65,000 years BCE. After Australia they settled in Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, France, Ukraine, Czech Republic) which was also around 46,000 years BCE. Lastly, after Europe they settled in The Americas (Chile, United States, Canada) which was around 40,000 years BCE. They always settled near rivers because they needed food and water.

NEOLITHIC

The Neolithic period is divided into 3 parts: Early, Middle, and late Neolithic. During it they first settled in the Middle East (Jericho, Çatalhöyük, Göbekli Tepe, Tell Abu Hureyra and Tell Qaramel, Tell Zeidan, 'Ain Ghazal) which was around 9000 BCE. Then, they settled in South Asia (Mehrgarh, Burzahom, Gufkral, Chirand, Utnur) which was 7000 years BCE. After, they settled in East Asia (Jiahu, Hemudu, Nanzhuangtou, Banpo) which was 7000 years BCE. After East Asia they settled in Europe (Sesklo, Franchthi Cave, Alpine stilt houses, Skara Brae and Knap of Howar, Trypillian culture) which was 6800 years BCE. Lastly they settled in The Americas (Norte Chico Civilization, Oaxaca Valley, Andean region) which was 3000 years BCE.

In this era humans lived a nomadic lifestyle. They lived in groups that consisted of 20 to 50 people. They moved with the seasons and animal migrations for food. Their economy was based on a hunting and gathering food for survival. They had to be very conscious of their environment so they could navigate it well to find resources. Their form of art and technology was advances with crafting tools, cave paintings and carvings were very popular in this era. Their system of belief was Animism and Shamanism. Animism is where spirits inhabit animals,plants, and other natural subjects and Shamanism involves a spiritual leader who communicates with the spirit world. Shamans where possibly often portrayed as half-human, half-animal figures in cave paintings

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It is even believed that some of these people believed that the spirits had a connection with them, representing one of their ancestors or a protector. This was strongly supported by the cave paintings, which frequently showed animals, likely for religious or symbolic purposes. Not only that, but they used charms and talismans for luck or protection.