Egypt has a very dry, arid climate. yearly rainfall is less than 10 inches. Because of this, their agriculture depends on the Nile River. 

Every year, the river flood is predictable. In comparison to Mesopotamia, it is fairly mild. Every time the Nile floods, silt is left behind. Desert and cataclysms shield Egypt against outsider invasion.

Social Hierarchy brought order to society (as seen in the image). Farmers are poor, craftsmen are middle class, and Pharaohs live leisurely.

The Pharoah acted as the country's General Director and Supreme Military Commander and was assisted in the management of his affairs by a civil service bureaucracy. 

Public administration was the responsibility of the Chancellor, who, on behalf of the King, supervised the survey, treasury, architectural plans, judiciary, and archives. He was a lieutenant. 

The country was divided into up to 42 novamentos (administrative regions), each ruled by a nomarch responsible to the Chancellor.

Although the ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period, they did use a type of money-barter system, with standard sacks of grain and the deben, a weight of roughly 91 grams (3 oz) of copper or silver, forming a common denominator. Workers were paid in grain. Prices were fixed across the country and recorded in lists to facilitate trading.

During the fifth century, BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad. At first, the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money, but in the following centuries, international traders came to rely on coinage.

Hieroglyphs were written on papyrus, carved into stone in the tombs and the temple walls, and used to decorate everyday objects. They were also used on state monuments and religious papyri.

Attempts to decipher them date to the Byzantine[122] and Islamic periods in Egypt,[123] but only in the 1820s, after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and years of research by Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion, were hieroglyphs substantially deciphered. 

Mummification is part of their burial rituals as they believe in the physical afterlife. The Book of the Dead guides them on their journey after death. 

A few examples of their gods are Osiris (god of living) Anibus (gd of the afterlife), Ra (Sun god), Horus (god of vengeance), Sehkmet (god of war and healing), and Isis (goddess of the moon). 

The ancient Egyptians were skilled builders; using only simple but effective tools and sighting instruments, architects could build large stone structures with great accuracy and precision that are still envied today. 

They are known for their Pyramids like in Giza, where they buried their Pharaohs. Today, it is part of the 8 Wonders of the World.

They have Temples at Thebes, of Isis, and Dendur. And who will forget the mysterious Sphinx? 

The tools they used are Papyrus from the papyrus plant, paint or ink, a pot to grind, pigment, brushes and pens made of reed, a brush holder and a palette with cakes of ink.

The Egyptians were however very advanced for such an ancient civilization though, and their almost obsessive recording of everything that happened around them on a daily basis by the scribes is the only reason we know so much about their civilization today. 

In technology, medicine, and mathematics, ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication. They created their own alphabet and decimal system. They are also known for their glass-making called Faience, Maritime technology from the Kufu Ship, and their mathematics from their Pythagorean theorem as an empirical formula.