-burette

-conical flask

-small funnel

-volumetric pipet & pipet bulb

-distilled water

-indicator

- NaOH & HCl

-Make the solution up to the mark using distilled water

-Shake the solution in the volumetric flask thoroughly

-Label the solution of HCl as FA3 on the volumetric flask

-Fill the burette with NaOH

-Pipette 25.0cm^3 of FA 3 into a conical flask

-Add several drops of methyl orange indicator

-Perform a rough titration and record the burette readings

-Hydrochloric acid/HCl (FA 2)

-Methyl orange indicator

-Pipette

-Burette

-Volumetric flask

-Conical flask

-Burette stand

Dilution of FA 2

● Pipette 10.0cm³ of FA 2 into the 250cm³ volumetric flask.

● Make the solution up to the mark using distilled water.

● Shake the solution in the volumetric flask thoroughly.

● This solution of hydrochloric acid is FA 3. Label the volumetric flask FA 3.

Titration

● Fill the burette with FA 1.

● Pipette 25.0cm³ of FA 3 into a conical flask.

● Add several drops of methyl orange indicator.

● Perform a rough titration and record your burette readings in the space below.

1. Solutions

   • Methyl orange indicator

   • Distilled water

   • NaOH (FA 1)

   • HCl (FA 2)

   
   

• The pH of the FA 3(diluted HCl) is acidic as seen from the bright red/pink color when the methyl orange indicator was added. Adding a strong alkali(NaOH) increased its pH, neutralizing the solution as the color turned to yellow. In conclusion, the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base results in a solution with a neutral pH.

Weaknesses

• Not so precise with the exact color change of the solution

• Highly fluctuating results of the titer

• No safety gloves

Strengths

• Read & understood the lab paper thoroughly

• Precise measurements of the volume of the solutions

• Consistently cleansing the equipments between each titration

• Volumetric flask.

• Pipette 25 and 10 cm3.

• Conical flask.

• Burette.

• Burette stand.

• Funnel.

• Beakers.

Substances:

• Hydrochloric acid

• Distilled water

• Sodium hydroxide

• Methyl orange

1. 10cm3 hydrochloric acid is put into 250cm3 volumetric flask using pipette.

2. Solution is diluted using distilled water.

3. The solution is shaked to be mixed thoroughly.

Titration

1. Burette is filled with Sodium hydroxide.

2. 25cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is put into conical flask.

3. Added 3 drops of methyl orange to the HCl in conical flask, the solution turns pink ish red(raddish pink).

4. The sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid, little by little until the solution turns yellow.

5. Record the reading on the burette.

6. Repeat the process 4 times.

7. Calculate the average to get more accurate answer.

The hydrochloric acid turns methyl orange into raddish pink colour. When titrated with sodium hydroxide, which is a base, the colour turns yellow which shows that the solution has been neutralised.

The amount of sodium hydroxide added might be less or more based on how many drops of methyl orange added, it required 30.4 cm3 of NaOH for 5 drops and less than 30 for 3 drops.

If we used the pipette more skillfully, the measurements could've been far more accurate. The measuring apparatuses were in 0.1, I think. The results would be more accurate if measured in 0.01 or less.

The students came into direct contact with the substances, some even let it near their face, nasal area and eyes. Which were risky.

Other than that the experiment was easy, simple and the paper was easy to understand. The apparatuses were easy to use without too many complications.

• pipette

• burette

• volumetric flask

• conical flask

• funnel

• dropper

• waste beaker

Substances:

• NaOH (sodium hydroxide, FA1)

• HCl (hydrochloric acid, FA2)

• distilled water

Indicators:

• methyl orange

• burette

• volumetric flask

• funnel

• dropper

• pipette

• conical flask

Substances:

• NaOH

• HCl

• distilled water

• methyl orange indicator

Some weaknesses we may have had is the overall carelessness in handling the substances, apparatus, indicator, etc. We did not use gloves or any safety equipment, which means our results may be inaccurate due to contamination. We also used bare human estimation to stop our titration, and the visibility wasn't very good so our results were most likely not very accurate. During measurement, we also did not pay close attention to the results shown on the burettes and pipettes. We simply wrote what we see at first sight, without double checking. This may have brought more room for error.

Dilution of Hydrochloric Acid (FA 2):

1. Use a pipette to transfer 10.0 cm³ of hydrochloric acid (FA 2) into a 250 cm³ volumetric flask.

2. Add distilled water to the flask until it reaches the mark.

3. Thoroughly shake the solution in the volumetric flask.

4. Label the volumetric flask as FA 3, denoting the diluted hydrochloric acid.

Titration Process:

1. Fill the burette with sodium hydroxide solution (FA 1).

2. Pipette 25.0 cm³ of the diluted hydrochloric acid (FA 3) into a conical flask.

3. Introduce 5-6 drops of methyl orange indicator into the conical flask.

4. Conduct a rough titration, carefully recording the initial and final readings on the burette. Observe the color change in the solution.

Conical flask

Burette

Pipette

Tunnel

Beaker

NaOH

HCL

Distilled Water

Methyl orange

Pipette 10.0 cm° of FA 2 into the 250 cm° volumetric flask.

Make the solution up to the mark using distilled water.

Shake the solution in the volumetric flask thoroughly.

This solution of hydrochloric acid is FA 3. Label the volumetric flask FA 3.

Titration :

Fill the burette with FA 1.

Pipette 25.0 cm of FA 3 into a conical flask.

Add several drops / added 4/ of methyl orange indicator

Perform a rough titration until it reaches the yellow color record the burette reading and repeat the process 4 times.

When you do rough titre try to keep your speed as if it is too fast or slow result can be different.

From my calculations the rough titre is 21.45cm3.

The moles of NaOH 0.537mol

NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) = NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Moles of HCl is 0.537mol

Concentration of HCl in FA2 is 2.15 mol dm-3

burette

volumetric flask

funnel

dropper

pipette

conical flask

substances:

NAOH

HCL

distilled water

methyl orange

2. Add distilled water to the solution.

3. Mix the solution in volumetric flask.

Titration

1. Fill the burette with FA1(NAOH)

2. Pipette 25cm3 of FA3 into the conical flask

3. Add several drops of methyl orange

4. Perform rough titration and record the burette readings

• Waste beaker

• Burette

• Volumetric flask

• Funnel

• Pipette

• Conical flask

• Dropper

Substances:

• NaOH /FA1/

• HCl /FA2/

• Distilled water

Indicators:

• Methyl orange indicator

• Pipette 10.0 cm^3 of FA 2 into the 250 cm^3 volumetric flask.)

• Make the solution up to the mark using distilled water.

• Shake the solution in the volumetric flask thoroughly.

• This solution of hydrochloric acid is FA 3. Label the volumetric flask FA 3.

Titration

• Fill the burette with FA 1.

• Pipette 25.0 cm ^3 of FA 3 into a conical flask.

• Add several drops of methyl orange indicator.

• Perform a rough titration and record your burette readings in the space below.

• FA3 solution is an acidic which can be seen by its bright red color when several drops of methyl orange indicator is added to it, when FA3 is titrating with NaOH it will spontaneously turn yellowish which is caused by the neutralisation reaction (increase in pH of substance)

Strength:

• Got an knowledge about laboratory paper thoroughly

Weakness:

• Results with fluctuation

• Hard to get the exact point of turning red into yellow

-Burette

-Pipette

-Conical flask

-Funnel

-Methyl orange

-Sodium hydroxide

-Beaker

-Distilled water

1. Put 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid into 250cm3 volumetric flask using a pipette.

2. The solution is diluted until the mark using distilled water.

3. The solution is shaked to be mixed thoroughly.

4. Burette is filled with Sodium hydroxide (FA1).

5. 25cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid (FA3) is put into conical flask.

6. Added 5 drops of methyl orange to the FA3 in the conical flask.

7. The sodium hydroxide (FA1) is added to hydrochloric acid, little by little using burette until the solution turns yellow.

8. Record the reading on the burette immediatlely.

9. Repeat the process 4 times.

10. Calculate the average to get more accurate answer.

Strengths: We were provided with a chance to get hand-on experience of experiment, which could further benefit us in the real practical exam. Also, I understood how to manage time during experiments and how to make a results table.

Weaknesses: Since it was our first time, there were many mistakes made by us, such as wrongly choosing equipments, unable to make tables etc. And working with a team partner eased up the experiment, which is a chance we will be unable to get in the real exam

Weaknesses: Took time on identifying the materials.

Strengths: Once we got the hang of the instructions, it was not that difficult to proceed.

• volumetric flask

• burette

• pipette

• conical flask

• funnel

• beaker

Substances

• methyl orange

• HCL

• distilled water

• NaOH

1. Add hydrochloric acid into volumetric flask using pipette.

2. Add distilled water til it reaches the mark.

3. shake the solution thoroughly to mix.

Titration.

1. Fill the burette with Sodium hydroxide.

2. add FA3 into conical flask.

3. add few drops of methyl orange to FA3 in conical flask.

4. Sodium hydroxide is added carefully until it changes color.

5. record the reading on the burette.

6. repeat the process few more times.

7. calculate the average of the recorded answers.