2. Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

3. Compensation for blood loss by causing vasoconstriction

- Regulating body temperature
1.Conservation of heat

2. Help the body to cool

- Implementing the acute stress response
1. Increasing heart rate and blood pressure

2. Shunting blood away from the skin and viscera and into skeletal muscles

3. Dilating the bronchi to improve oxygenation

4. Dilating the pupils (mydriasis) to enhance visual acuity

5. Mobilizing stored energy to provide glucose for the brain and fatty acids for muscles (liver) 

Eyes: blurred vision and photophobia (intolerance to light)

Bladder: urinary retention

Gastrointestinal: constipation

Heart: tachycardia (rapid heart beat)
Ipratropium bromide
Inhalation to treat asthma, prevent Ach to constrict the airway, improving the airflow (increased)
Cholinesterase inhibitors
NEOSTIGMINE
Inhibits breaking down of acetylcholine to acetate and choline, acetylcholine increases
- Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor which acts as    substrate for cholinesterase and prevents breakdown of acetylcholine
Treat: Myasthenia gravis by preventing acetylcholine inactivation, cholinesterase inhibitors can intensify the effects of acetylcholine released from motor neurons, increasing muscle strength

2. Increase blood pressure – by vasoconstriction to treat hypotensive patients

3. Mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) – acting on the radial muscle of the iris to facilitate eye examinations and ocular surgery

ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Hypertension, Necrosis (cell or tissue death) & Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

 
α1 blockade
Prazosin & Terazosin
THERAPEUTIC USES
1. Hypertension – by vasodilation through blocking alpha1 receptors on arterioles and veins.

2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement) – by smooth muscle dilation in the bladder and prostatic capsule
ADVERSE EFFECTS: 

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension – due to reduced blood pressure caused by reduced venous return
Reflex tachycardia – via baroreceptor which detected decreased blood pressure caused by vasodilation

§Nasal congestion – vasodilation in the nasal mucosa

1. Cardiogenic shock – dobutamine increases cardiac output

2. Atrioventricular heart block – isoproterenol enhances impulse conduction through the AV node
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) and dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)

Angina pectoris (Chest pain)

β1 blockade
Propranolol and Atenolol
1. Angina pectoris – by reducing oxygen demand in the heart

2. Hypertension – by reducing cardiac output and renin release in the kidney

3. Cardiac dysrhythmias – by blocking excessive electrical activity in the atria

4. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) – by reducing oxygen demand in the heart

5. Heart failure – by preventing detrimental effect

6. Performance anxiety – by preventing beta1-mediated tachycardia

β2 activation
Epinephrine and Ephedrine
Helps in treating asthma 
- By bronchodilation 
- Beta2 selective agents and inhalation route are preferred to prevent adverse systemic effects

- Delay of preterm labor (cause uterus relaxed, cannot push baby out) – by relaxing uterine smooth muscles