A&P Body Chemistry Study Tool by Alexander Maglott

Acids

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:45:41 UTC

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions (H+)
Ionize means separate into separate ions
Have pH below 7 (more H+ ions than OH- ions)
Acidic

Bases

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:46:01 UTC

Electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydroxyl ions (OH-)
Ionize means separate into separate ions
pH above 7 (More OH- ions than H+ ions)
Basic or Alkaline

Salts

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:46:27 UTC

A type of ionic compound that does NOT contain H+ or OH- ions
Made of a Cation (Positive ion) and an Anion (Negative ion)
Ionize or separate into cation and anion when water is introduced
All salts are ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes are ions that conduct electrical currents

Metabolism

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:46:53 UTC

All of the chemical reactions which occur in the body
Examples: Digestion, Movement, Urine formation, Gas exchange, energy production, etc.
Anabolism - forming chemical bonds (endergonic)
Catabolism - breaking chemical bonds (exergonic)

Energy

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:47:02 UTC

The ability to do work
Has no mass and takes up no space
Kinetic - active energy
Potential - stored/inactive energy
Electrical Energy - nerves signals
Mechanical Energy - muscles and movement
Radiant Energy - light and heat energy (eyes)
Chemical Energy - energy stored in chemical bonds, food

Important Elements

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:47:38 UTC

Oxygen makes up 65% of the body
Carbon - 18.5%
Hydrogen - 9.5%
Nitrogen - 3.2%
Other notable elements: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iodine, Iron

Isotopes and Ions

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:47:48 UTC

Isotope is when an element has more or less neutrons than normal, affects the weight of the atom but not the electrical properties
Radioisotopes are isotopes whose nucleus decays (radioactivity) - PET Scans, half life, used as marker in the body
Ion - an atom that has a different number of electrons than protons - they have either lost or gained electrons
Cation - positively charged (less electrons than protons), will take electrons (acceptor)
Anion - negatively charged (more electrons than protons), gets rid of electrons (donator)

Bonding

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:47:58 UTC

Ionic bonding - When two atoms transfer electrons to create a cation and anion and join together (break easily in solvent (water))
Covalent bonding - when atoms share electrons (can be polar or non-polar). Can single, double, or triple bond.
Non-polar bonds share electrons equally, polar bonds share unequally.
Polar bonds have poles (positive and negative)
Hydrogen bonds - weak bonds, form when positive hydrogen atoms bond with partially negative polar molecules

Molecules - two or more atoms of the same element (O2)
Compound - two more atoms of different elements (H2O)

Organic vs Inorganic

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:48:31 UTC

Organic compounds have both Carbon and Hydrogen - tend to be larger - "Carbon containing covalent macromolecules"
Inorganic compounds do not contain both Carbon and Hydrogen - tend to be smaller and simpler - Water and salts

Chemical Reactions

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:49:26 UTC

Synthesis Reaction (A+B > AB) - Atom/molecule(s) combine to make larger molecules - Energy is used
Decomposition reaction (AB > A + B) - Larger molecule breaks down into smaller atom/molecule(s) - Energy is released
Single Replacement Reaction (AB + C > AC + B) - atoms are exchanged between a compound and an element
Double Replacement Reaction (AB + CD > AD + CB) - atoms are exchanged between compounds

Carbohydrates

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:49:47 UTC

Monomer: monosaccharides (Glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharides (Sucrose, maltose, lactose) contain two monosaccharides, and polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen) contain many

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Sugars and starches

Lipids

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:49:51 UTC

Monomer: a glycerol molecule and fatty acid chains

Contain carbon hydrogen, and oxygen

Insoluble in water

Saturated, unsaturated, wax

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (cholesterol)

Proteins

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:49:56 UTC

Monomer: Amino Acids
Made of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur.
20 known amino acids - all contain Nitrogen, R-group changes - contains an amino group and an acid group
Peptide bonds
Structures: Primary - stand of amino acids; Secondary - alpha helix or beta pleated sheet; Tertiary - globular structure; Quaternary - multiple amino acid (polypeptide) chains
Fibrous proteins are structural, globular proteins are functional
Enzymes - biological catalysts, end in "ase"

Nucleic Acids

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:50:01 UTC

Monomers - Nucleotides

Nucleotides contain: a nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T, U), a 5 carbon sugar (pentose) and a phosphate group

Contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

DNA has T, RNA has U, both bond with A

Water (Hydrolysis) Reactions

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 03:50:15 UTC

Hydrolysis - adding a water molecule (H+ and OH-) to break a bond
Dehydration Synthesis - the removal of a water molecule (H+ and OH-) to bond two things
Water has high heat capacity, is polar, acts as a solvent, and cushions/lubricates organs
Polar Molecules can dissolve charged substances
Solvent: liquid/gas that dissolves solutes
Solute: solid/liquid/gas that is dissolved
When solutes are well dissolved, solution is formed
When solutes are still large-ish, Colloids are formed

Neutralization Reaction

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 14:53:56 UTC

Type of exchange reaction in which acids and bases react to form water and a salt
Example: NaOH + HCl > H2O + NaCl

ATP

amaglott241 — 2023-09-10 22:44:59 UTC

Adenosine Triphosphate
Primary source of body's energy
Made of ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups
Energy is released by breaking off one of the phosphate groups (hydrolysis), which creates ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
ATP is replenished by breaking down food.