2.2 Some historical facts related to navigation by EUN Partnership aisbl

Circumnavigation of America by Amerigo Vespucci

2017-03-06 13:47:06 UTC

In two travels (1498 and 1501) Vespucci understood the American continent wasn't part of Asia, as Columbus thought instead, but a different continent.

carlogino — 2017-03-06 13:59:25 UTC

Columbus
and ocean shipping for estimated Points


Columbus was of Genoa, a Mediterranean port, and then the technique usa vintage Navigation That for estimated Points, widely used From Genoese pilots. But dates That Also A period spent in Portugal, You can assume What Fosse a Knowledge of New Techniques celestial navigation, Although he was not an expert. In fact, during your travels, DID numerous attempts to measure the latitude by astronomical methods, RESULTS always disappointing scam.

Currao

Marianthi Arvanitidou-Greece

1canislupus22 — 2017-03-06 14:25:03 UTC

The first accurate representation of the spherical earth surface was the Mercator Projection (Gerardus Mercator 1569). Of great value to navigators because a compass bearing could be shown as a straight line (and they could, therefore, sail the shortest distance between two points), but the problem of determining longitude delayed the use of these charts for some seventy years after they were introduced.

ASTRONOMY IN COLOMBIA - Ronals (Colombia) - tomado de https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa_en_ColombiaThe geographical position of Colombia in the equatorial zone gives it the privilege of observing the two celestial hemispheres.

ronals_chinchilla — 2017-03-06 15:01:16 UTC

Little is known of the astronomical knowledge of the inhabitants of the Colombian territory during the pre-Columbian era. The agricultural development of the muisca, tayrona and zenu cultures implies a certain knowledge in the calendar.

The Balsa Muisca is a gold figure representing the sacred ceremony of El Dorado, which took place in the Laguna de Guatavita. At present, this piece is sheltered in the Gold Museum of Bogota and is considered a symbol of Colombia and the cultural identity of Colombians.

The first astronomical observatory of America, was built in Santa Fé de Bogotá for the Botanical Expedition of New Granada entrusted to José Celestino Mutis, and its first director was the Colombian Francisco José de Caldas (1768 - 1816). It takes possession of it in 1805 and incorporates to the small refractor and existing equipment, new instruments like the circle room of Bird and the pendulum of Graham. From it, the naturalist and personalities payanés estimates in 4º 36 '06 "the latitude of the historical place and makes other observations of astronomical, geodesic and climatic interest.

Entre los astrónomos colombianos, sobresale el Matemático e Ingeniero Civil Julio Garavito Armero (1865-1920), director del anterior Observatorio en 1892, profesor de astronomía, cálculo infinitesimal y mecánica racional, quien además de sus trabajos de astronomía observacional y astronomía dinámica, aplica el método de Olbers para determinar las órbitas de los cometas de 1901 y 1910 usando registros de observación suyos. Además de haber logrado demostraciones originales de teoremas relativos al cambio de variables canónicas y trabajos empleando estas variables al método Hamilton-Jacobi para órbitas elípticas; y haber desarrollado una expresión para el complejo problema de los tres cuerpos, con las “Fórmulas Definitivas para el Movimiento de la Luna” su obra más importante; Garavito quiso alcanzar un instrumento teórico de gran utilidad para preparar efemérides como complemento del cronómetro en la determinación de longitudes. Hubiera alcanzado su tarea, pero murió en marzo de 1920 a la edad de 54 años. Para honrar su memoria, el 3 de octubre de 1970 la Unión Astronómica Internacional designa con el nombre de "Garavito" a un cráter de 80 km en la parte oculta de la luna cuyas coordenadas son 48ºS 157ºE.

Julio Garavito Armero

Vasiliki Psaridou/Greece

psaridou — 2017-03-06 15:01:52 UTC

Greek Navigation history
The ancient Greeks had to deal with many difficult things, such as the fact that the country consists of many islands. They tried and managed to find a way to navigate from one island to the other successfully. This took them a long time and many years of efforts. Here is a web-site that fully explains how it was done.

Caboto brothers

2017-03-06 15:06:18 UTC

Continuing explorations and studies of Colombo, the Caboto brothers discovered Canada in 1497 with the technical called "cabotaggio": they navigated along the coast, not in large sea.

Yuri, Italy

2017-03-06 16:07:11 UTC

Ther are a lot of historical eventi connected to navigation in my country. The mostra importante are: che discoveries connected to the routers of the Marittime Repubblica,are those connected to importante esplodere like Vespucci andò Colombo, bit Aldo to the investigations fine by Galileo Galilei andò Leonardo da Vinci.

Toti, Italy

trascondere — 2017-03-06 16:18:39 UTC

A flower saved Cristoforo  Colombo from mutin!
On the 10th of the trip there was a principle of mutiny; Colombo, more than ever firm in its vision and strong of the studies he had done during the trip, he could perhaps get a deal: if within three or four days the lookouts had not seen any land the caravels would go back or would be decided otherwise. Thursday, October 11 there were some positive signs were seen several objects including a cane, a stick and a fresh flower that a sailor fished in the sea: only the proximity of the land mass could account for these findings.

First world circumnavigator

2017-03-06 16:20:28 UTC

The Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan is credited as being the first man to sail around the world. He was appointed commander of a fleet of five ships by king Carlos V of Spain at the beginning of the 16th. century. The aim was to find a way round the south tip of America to establish a new route to the Spice Islands. They departed from Sanlucar on 20th of September, 1519. He discovered the strait which has been given his name, and reached the Pacific Ocean on 28th of November, 1520. With the remaining three vessels of his fleet, he reached Cebu,in the heart of the Philippines the 7th of April, 1521.
Valeria, Italy

Ana, Portugal

turmas10ano2016 — 2017-03-06 16:23:02 UTC

The history of Portugal dates back to the Early Middle Ages. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to the status of a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire, including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/bases-tematicas/navegacoes-portuguesas.html

Maria Daniela, Italy

mariadaniela_renna — 2017-03-06 16:37:12 UTC

I would like to remember a sad page of navigation. Thousands of migrants, coming mainly from Africa, cross the Mediterranean Sea every day. Many of them can not reach the shores of Europe. In 2016 more than 180,000 migrants have landed only in Italy and 5000 people have died at sea trying to reach Europe.

Giuseppe, Italy

profgcorsaro — 2017-03-06 16:57:50 UTC

These all are arguments that I use always in my classroom. Students are fascinated by this part of history. Great navigation and naigators stories is part of my history program. And coordinates system is for my student very usual after some lesson about it.

2017-03-06 17:00:04 UTC

Despoina Amarantidou, Greece

damarant — 2017-03-06 17:08:24 UTC

Some of the early instruments used to assist sailors in determining latitude were the cross-staff, astrolabe and quadrant. The astrolabe dates back to ancient Greece when it was used by astronomers to help them tell the time.

The oldest news about the commercial shipping date back to 2650 BC and appear in Egyptian texts of the fourth dynasty. There is talk of 40 ships sent to Lebanon to supplies of cedar wood, sought for the construction of roofs and for the realization of the noble parts of the hulls. Of course, most of what is happening today, the ancient navigation depended on the performance of the seasons and the regime of winds and currents. In addition, the duration of the trip was not expected, since ancient ships, able to go upwind only with difficult maneuvers and gait in a zig-zag, preferably sailed with the wind in their sails and were often forced to change direction or long stops. Complicating the situation is added the problems of orientation, based on the movements of the sun and the constellations.

2017-03-06 17:22:02 UTC

Gianluca, Ital

Raffaella, Italy

raffaella_pierleoni — 2017-03-06 17:29:31 UTC

Italian history is marked by sailors and navigation: the Maritime Republics and
the development of major commercial routes along the Mediterranean coast The history of the maritime republics intertwines both with the launch of European expansion to the East and with the origins of modern capitalism.
Both Cristoforo Colombo and Amerigo Vespucci, signed world history with discoveries.

Giovanni Italy

vannucchig — 2017-03-06 18:07:58 UTC

The Mariner Republics in the italian Middle Age was so important for the development of the navigation in open sea, even if their ships navigated only in the Mediterranean sea.

2017-03-06 18:24:40 UTC

Giuseppe , Italy
Its a mith or a truth? In Amalfi there is a statue dedicated to Flavio Gioia the inventor of compass. During Maritime Republuc of Amalfi Period it was a technological instrument like that , which gave the power to Amalfi to settle the first modern colonies in Palestine or if you like Holy Land (Terra Santa in Italian

Gabriella, Italy

gabriellaricci — 2017-03-06 18:34:19 UTC

As Raffaella said in Italy we had the Maritme Republics, and so to remember them we have the Palio of the Ancient Maritime Republics. It is a competition of galleons with eight rowers, between the crews of the town of Amalfi, Genoa, Pisa and Venice, born after the second world war and held in rotation in the four cities.

The competition is preceded by the solemn historical parade, where people in costume, with flags, trumpets and drums, evoke the events and characters related to the maritime history of the city.

The sports competition pits the crews of four cities, each consisting of eight rowers and a coxswain, on boats, all built with the same parameters, which differ in color and figureheads.

For the winner of the regatta, the coveted trophy in gold and silver produced by Florence Jewellery School which remains in the hands of the winning city for a year, to be offered again at the next race.

In 2016, it will be the city of Amalfi to host the 61st edition of the Palio of the Ancient Maritime Republicst

Antonietta, Italy

2017-03-06 20:00:35 UTC

During the so called Age of discovery a number of Italian navigators greatly contributed to trace new routes and new maps even leading to new land discovery such as The New World. Great and brilliant Italian explorers or navigators, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS – CRISTOFORO COLOMBO, JOHN CABOT – GIOVANNI CABOTO, SEBASTIAN CABOT - SEBASTIANO CABOTO, AMERIGO VESPUCCI

On their small and slow ships were very important for the discovery and the conquest of new lands by Europeans in different areas such as America, Chine or Indies.

Francesca, Italy

2017-03-06 20:14:49 UTC

Since ancient times rivers and canals were utilized as a natural and safe way to transport goods and passengers. In Veneto and in Pianura Padana the network created by connecting areas via river deeply influenced the development of social and economic relations and lead to the creation of a great variety of boats.

Barbara, Italy

barbara_zecchinati — 2017-03-06 20:54:25 UTC

The 'Calà del Sasso' entry in the Guinness World Records, the Guinness Book of Records as 'the longest staircase in the world', with its 4444 steps links the village of Sasso di Asiago with Valstagna, in Valbrenta. Made between 1388 and 1392 by the will of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Calà allowed to reach the Plateau downstream timber, which was then conveyed in the Brenta and the rafts reached the ports along the river until the river ports of Venice, replenishing its arsenal of timber that would serve to build the vessels through which the Venetian Republic won the East.

Barbara, Italy

barbara_zecchinati — 2017-03-06 21:02:03 UTC

River Brenta, where the logs were floated to Venice where they were used in the arsenal for the construction of boats

Litsa Glarou, Greece

seagullitsa — 2017-03-06 21:57:10 UTC

Odysseus is probably best known as the eponymous hero of Homer’s epic poem the Odyssey. This epic describes his travails, which lasted for 10 years, as he tries to return home after the Trojan War and reassert his place as rightful king of Ithaca.During their ten-year journey, Odysseus and his men had to overcome divine and natural forces, from battering storms and winds to difficult encounters with the Cyclops Polyphemus, the cannibalistic Laestrygones, the witch-goddess Circe and the rest. And they took a most circuitous route, bouncing all over the Mediterranean, moving first down to Crete and Tunisia. Next over to Sicily, then off toward Spain, and back to Greece again.
interactive map created by Gisèle Mounzer. “Odysseus’ Journey”

Litsa Glarou, Greece

seagullitsa — 2017-03-06 22:10:32 UTC

The Antikythera Mechanism

Material: Copper

Source: Antikythera shipwreck.

Dating: second half of the 2nd century. p.Ch.

It is the senior complex astronomical notebook, which could determine the position of the Sun, the Moon, and probably of the five known planets in antiquity; Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Also used for predicting eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, for keeping a multiannual calendar with great accuracy, and for the determination of the committing time of the Pan-Hellenic Games that were held in Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, in Isthmia and Dodoni. The Facility is testimony to the astronomical, mathematical and mechanical genius of the ancient Greeks in the middle of the 2nd century. B.C

seagullitsa — 2017-03-06 22:13:15 UTC

MARNA,ITALY

marinademma — 2017-03-06 23:08:33 UTC

THERE IS SO MANY STORIES ABOUT NAVIGATIONS LIKE THE ONE OF ODISSEUM OR ILIADE. But the things that common all of them has been the curiosity to see what was at the end of the sea. NEW REALITY THAT HELP OUR PROGRESS.

Bongos, champanes and vapores

ajcano — 2017-03-07 02:37:49 UTC

In Colombia the river navigation is the main thing. For this was not as necessary astronomy, only the lunar phases for the tides.

Anaely, Mexico.

anaelypb — 2017-03-07 05:20:06 UTC

I am not sure about ancient civilizations in Mexico being good navigators, but a famous explorer changed our history: Christopher Columbus. He discovered the called "New World"= America and the interaction between these two worlds gave birth to our actual country, culture, traditions.

Slavica, Croatia

ps_slavica — 2017-03-07 11:28:57 UTC

On island Brač is one very special place called Desert Blaca. It was place where don Niko Milicevic, astronomer, was living.
Don Nicholas Milicevic was initially dealt with celestial mechanics, calculations of celestial orbits of comets and planets and asteroids. Later dealt with the theory and practice sextant, theodolite and meridian instrument.
Besides the astronomical instruments in Blaca was the chronograph, barographs and others. It is mentioned that Don Nicholas discovered two comets and new star in the Lizard (1936)

don Niko Milicevic

ps_slavica — 2017-03-07 11:38:31 UTC

Annanmaria P. Italy

2017-03-07 14:41:56 UTC

Selinunte is one of the most important colony of Sicily , proof of importance of navigation in Mediterraneo in classical age. Greeks sailed into Mediterraneo sea to trade e to found new town

Wilson Canelo/Colombia

2017-03-07 15:13:57 UTC

It was Agustin Codazzi a Militar who worked in Colombia for the Commission Corográfica. This commission was intended too make a survey about the geography of my country. H e and his team had to travel along the country. One map is shared.

Giovanni, Italy

2017-03-07 17:02:49 UTC

Greek colonization in the West: knowledge, mythology, writing, architecture, etc.
A people who meets another, brings all the knowledge and the culture that is used to recreate it.

Rocco G. Maltese - Italy

2017-03-07 17:23:36 UTC

How to measure the sailors their speed
In ancient times, the only way to measure the speed of the ship was to jettison a
piece of wood and observe how fast he walked away from the boat. this primordial
method of measuring the speed was called "Having the Log" ie "Count the logs" (more or less) and was
kept alive between 1500 and 1600, until it was not introduced as a second method
empirical as the first, called "Log Chip". Both methods are supposed to have been introduced by
Dutch navigators. The apparatus of the "Chip Log" consisted of a wooden panel in the form of
triangular, weighed on the bottom edge and connected from the top to a main line; to
completion of the kit there was an hourglass as half a minute. (See the illustration at left).
The line, had the nodes arranged at a regular distance one from the other. What the sailors had
It does was to row to the sea on the wooden panel, at the stern of the ship, and the line began to unroll
from the bucket roller to which it centered. Faster you move the ship and faster unrolled the
line. Counting the number of nodes that ended outboard, in a given time interval, measured
the hourglass, you could calculate the boat speed. This is why it has remained the name of
"Node" or "knot" with the physical quantity with which it is traditionally extent, the speed of
boats. The "node" is already in itself a unit of speed, is in fact incorrect to say "knots per hour", as
we shall see, the knot, is the relationship between distance and time, ie miles traveled
the time taken from the boat.
Below you show pictures, schematic and true of a log, instrument used to
determine the speed of the boats.

2017-03-07 17:24:56 UTC

Laura Antichi - Italy

lantichi — 2017-03-07 17:42:02 UTC

In 1800, some coastal cities were called "Maritime Republics": Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice. These cities dominated the entire Mediterranean Sea with their maritime trade. With the Maritime Republics is reactivated the contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa, almost stopped after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Maria, Italy

2017-03-07 20:22:23 UTC

The shield of the coat of arms of the Italian Navy brings together the best-known symbols of the four Maritime Republics: from top left, clockwise, the emblems of Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi

José María Díaz, Spain

josemaria_diazfuentes — 2017-03-07 20:23:50 UTC

The expedition of Magallanes and Elcano was a maritime expedition that took place in the XVI century to the control of Fernando de Magallanes and, after his death in the Philippines, Juan Sebastián Elcano. The expedition, financed by the Crown of Spain was the first circumnavigation of the Earth in history. They left Seville downstream in the direction of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. After preparing there for a month and ten days, they departed from there on September 20, 1519. In Seville, Antonio Pigafetta begins to write his Diary, where he recounted the whole trip. The expedition returned to the port of Seville in September 1522, with only one ship and 18 survivors.

Jorge Arango, from New York. Native American cultures depended on the observations of the night sky for many important activities. They utilized the position of the stars to navigate the rivers, to travel on land, and most importantly, to keep track of time and the seasons. Most of the American peoples believed that the stars were their ancestors and/or councils of chieftains in session, and consequently tried to observe them all the time. Some of them even had an opening on the top of their houses, to observe the sky overnight.

2017-03-07 21:12:57 UTC

This is a picture of a Hopi observatory

2017-03-07 21:23:33 UTC

Patrizia Loffredo, Italy

patrizia_loffredo — 2017-03-08 15:40:50 UTC

Scientists and historians don’t know when the principles behind magnetic compasses were discovered. In Europe, the magnetic compass first appeared in Amalfi, Italy, around the turn of the 14th century. But it is not known if the magnetic compass was also invented in the West or if it migrated to Europe along trade routes from China. However, it is clear that because sea trade and military advantage were of far more strategic importance to Western nations, they pushed the technology of the magnetic compass far more intensely than did the Chinese. With the successive rise of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English empires, development of the compass shifted to the European nations facing the Atlantic Ocean.

Silva, Italy

silvacasadei — 2017-03-08 15:51:35 UTC

During our history lessons, we usually talk about “Mare Nostrum”, because it was the most important supplies road for the Roman Empire. This is an example of historical fact related to navigation in relation to my culture and history.

Emilia Italy

millymum — 2017-03-08 18:09:18 UTC

The Maritime Republics were city-state, located on the Italian coasts. The economic growth in Europe around the year 1000 made possible their development, giving them a leading role in organizing both war and commercial fleets. By the 15th century these sailors/navigators surely used rudimentary nautical charts, the magnetic compass, the astrolabe.

Gigliola, Italy

2017-03-08 18:13:54 UTC

Now I live in Mantua but I come from Venice and since I was child I like history of Marco Polo. Marco Polo (Venezia, 1254 – Venezia, 8 gennaio 1324) è stato un ambasciatore, scrittore, viaggiatore e mercante italiano vissuto nella Repubblica di Venezia. La sua famiglia apparteneva al patriziato veneziano.
Delle meravigliose cose del mondo, 1496
Insieme al padre Niccolò e allo zio Matteo giunse in Cina (Catai) percorrendo la via della seta. Le cronache del viaggio e della permanenza in Asia furono trascritte in francese da Rustichello da Pisa durante la prigionia. Il libro in seguito divenne noto come "il Milione".
Le sue descrizioni dell'Asia hanno ispirato Cristoforo Colombo.

Laura (Italy) - Ferdinandea, the island that isn't there

2017-03-08 21:10:35 UTC

In 1831 due to volcanic eruptions, an island was formed 19 miles off the coast of Sicily, claimed by the British, the Italians and the French. On marine charts, it is now called Graham’s Bar and is around 8 meters below the surface of the Mediterranean sea. The Ferdinandea island is also the pivot of a novel by Andrea Camilleri.

Giuseppina, Italy

2017-03-08 21:33:41 UTC

Thapsos is a small peninsula near Syracuse that was, in the second millennium BC, probably the site of a small village Mycenaean, perhaps one of their commercial emporiums. They witness some tombs like "dromos", ie with a long entrance corridor, similar to that of the much more famous so-called tomb of the "Treasury of Atreus". The Mycenaeans were certainly skilled sailors, as indirectly testifies to the Odyssey.

Margherita (Italy)

margherita_celsi — 2017-03-09 08:13:14 UTC

I’d like to share a very curious navigation tool, used by the sailors in the Middle Age in the part of Italy I come from, that is Liguria, on the north-western coast. Genoa, the largest town in the area, was a very important commercial port and conquered a number of territories and colonies, since the XI century till the end of XVIII century.

This tool is not a map, as there is no graphic representation of the coast, its name is “La bonna parolla” (the good word), it’s a a long prayer the sailors used to say on their departure for a journey (actually it was compulsory to say it, when navigating on State vessels!), it dates back to XIV century and it’s quite a rare kind of document: there is just another one in Florence, more or less of the same period. It is an evidence of how much sailors feared the dangers of navigation and how much, nevertheless, the wanted to go by sea.

The “Bona parolla” consists of two different parts:

1. a request of protection from Saints and the Virgin;

2. the enumeration of churches and sanctuaries along the coast, from Palestine to the Atlantic Sea, making a guide in the itinerary. Here is a map of the churches, from: http://www.marenostrumrapallo.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:bonna-parolla&catid=36:storia&Itemid=163
I’ll put a study on the topic on my learning diary, on this post I’m copying a picture of St. Venerio’s monastery, on the Isle of Tino, the only sanctuary cited in the prayer located in the province of La Spezia, where I was born. My choice is for two reasons: 1) the place is very nice; 2) the place is very secluded: infact the isle is the property of the Navy (there is a lighthouse on it) and it’s possible to go there only on September 13^th, the feast of St. Venerio, protector of the sailors and fishers.

Giorgia Italy

giorgiagiulio — 2017-03-09 08:22:55 UTC

Maritime repubblics are a crucial example of the navigation development in Italy during the Middle Age.

Ivan, Philippines

2017-03-09 09:47:01 UTC

The Philippines is commemorating next week the arrival of Portuguese explorer Fernando Magallanes who arrived in the Philippines last March 16, 1521. He brought Christianity in the Philippines which also started the 300 year rule of the Spaniards in the country.

Giuseppe, Molfetta

2017-03-09 13:43:44 UTC

Our ancestors put a lot of efforts and time in the activity of watching the sea horizon. Our coasts and towns are still full of towers, whose only purpose was to anricipate the arrival of pirates and invaders. It looks like being out of topic, yet this is the history of my territory, deeply established in our collective memory.

Giuliana. Italy

giuliana_lalli — 2017-03-09 14:54:49 UTC

I'm from Southern Italy, a land colonized by the Greeks. They arrived with their ships to our shores, and brought customs and traditions from Greece. In later centuries our shores were animated by experienced sailors that learned the secrets of navigation, so that Naples and Amalfi were two important maritime republics. Neapolitans are also interested in the study of the sky and the stars. The Capodimonte Observatory is one of the excellences of Campania region and here, there is also located the museum of astronomical instruments (MuSA).
The museum's collection includes different sized telescopes, eyepieces, graduated scales to determine the positions of the stars and old books

Antonella.Italy

antonella_mariella — 2017-03-09 14:55:09 UTC

The story of Italian navigation is ,surely, linked to the adventures of saliors navigating in the Mediterranean who made use of several techniques to steer including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. The sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction. Later were created some tools which significantly contributed to navigation. For example a magnetic compass and a rudimentary instrument known as a kamal, used for celestial navigation . Another instrument available, developed by the Arabs, was the quadrant. Muslim sailors were responsible for introducing large three-masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The origins of the caravel ship, developed and used for long-distance travel by the Portuguese, and later by the rest of Iberians, since the 15th century. Nautical charts called portolan charts began to appear in Italy at the end of the 13th century.

Gamze Siper/ Turkey

gamzesiper — 2017-03-09 16:36:45 UTC

I think Beagle journey is too important for Darwin’s evolution theory. This scientific fact is linked with this voyage.

I am from Turkey and we are a multicultural community because of Ottoman Empire. Our culture has too many voyagers. For example, Evliya Çelebi, Barbaros Hayreddin, Seydi Ali Reis, Kılıç Ali Paşa, Turgut Reis, Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi… All of them are important sailors and voyagers.

Alessandra, Italy

2017-03-09 17:53:36 UTC

The history of Italian navigation is really rich. In particular the history of Venice is full of sailors and boats. There are till today so many boats I can't tell/remember the proper names. They used to navigate in the Mediterranean Sea and had some tools but above all they knew all the winds and looked deeply at the sky and at the stars to know the exact point of where they were.

Laura, Italy

2017-03-09 18:01:17 UTC

On the shaft of nuragic ships is a depiction of a bird. Probably it served to study the wind direction and facilitate navigation. Bronze age. Sardinia. Italy

maria d.c./ Italy

mariadecarlo — 2017-03-09 20:28:00 UTC

BASILICATA. Even for the Achaean colony of Metaponto the presence of a port structure is documented
by literary sources. The greek historian Thucydides, in recounting the expedition sent
in the final decades of the fifth century BC by the Athenians against Syracuse, it refers to
passage of the Athenian fleet in the Ionian gulf and expressly mentions the port of
Metaponto (VII, 33).

Anna, Italy

annagrignetti — 2017-03-09 20:28:09 UTC

Basilicata
Even for the Achaean colony of Metaponto the presence of a port structure is documented
by literary sources. The greek historian Thucydides, in recounting the expedition sent
in the final decades of the fifth century BC by the Athenians against Syracuse, it refers to
passage of the Athenian fleet in the Ionian gulf and expressly mentions the port of
Metaponto (VII, 33).

Valeria,Italy

2017-03-10 10:13:40 UTC

The Romans with navigation made a fundamental contribution to the knowledge of regions such as Spain. Giulio Cesare will speak for the first time the island of Britain (currently England) then Emperor Claudius win.
With Nero gave impetus again exploration of Africa, in particular of the internal areas, with the Roman Expedition to the sources of the Nile which he wills, and even with Roman Shipments to Lake Chad and Niger River led by Lucius Cornelius Balbo, by Valerius Festus, by Septimius Flaccus and Maternus Julius. This need was driven in particular by the market of slaves and exotic animals used in circuses. During the imperial period there is also the possibility of contacts with the Americas, confirmed by mosaics in Pompeii.

Jana, Germany

roro1 — 2017-03-10 15:26:09 UTC

I'm not that familiar with any navigational achievements by Germans. However, my home town Jena has the oldest operating planetarium in Germany and is famous for its optical industry. The Zeiss company has been building amazing telescopes.

To Jana, Germany

sp171wesola — 2017-03-10 16:16:39 UTC

I found this info about first world map with America on from 1507 by

Grazyna, Warsaw, Poland

sp171wesola — 2017-03-10 16:26:18 UTC

I do not know much more than achievements of Kopernik. Nicolaus Copernicus published his work starting the Copernican Revolution just before his death in 1543.
He was wrong placing the Sun in the centre of the universe but much more right than many of his contemporaries and predecessors placing the Earth in the middle of the universe. But this knowledge is probably used for navigation in our solar system not on Earth.

Prestigiacomo Maria Grazia,Palermo ,Italy

maryprestigiacomo — 2017-03-10 17:05:27 UTC

Italians navigators, explorers and scientists are famous all over the world but there are some of them less famous but no less important among them I want to mention Vincenzo di Bartolo, captain of the brig Elisa, who in 1838-39 became the protagonist of a journey full of adventures and that, for this, he earned the nickname of Columbus of Palermo, as the Duke called him in a 1977 article.
The route included a first trip that was to bring a load of Sicilian products in Boston, then had to start again from there to the island of Sumatra, to load pepper to bring back it to Palermo. This trip, for those times, was to be considered a business rather than daring but it was the first time that a sicilian ship was sailing the Indian Ocean .Vincenzo Di Bartolo during the navigation compiled a very detailed traveldiary, to transmit information and advice to all those who would attempt the enterprise later.

Bianca, Romania

2017-03-11 09:44:59 UTC

We have a famous romanian scientist and navigator, Emil Racovita. He has explored 1,200 caves in Europe and Africa, has amassed a collection of 5,000 underground animals studied and has published over 66 papers on underground fauna. He is the founder of Biospeleology and the first biologist in the world who has studied the life of animals and birds in Antarctica.

viki dogani, greece

2017-03-11 12:42:33 UTC

asrtolave is an important navigation tool

Irene Viola (Italy)

2017-03-11 14:57:59 UTC

As everybody knows, Italy gave birth to many famous explorers, who literally changed to world, breaking the boundaries of the known lands and discovering new places, as Colombo and Vespucci did. But I wish to talk about Marco Polo, a Venetian traveller which may be not as famous as they are. He lived in the 14th century and he is famous mainly for his epic travels along China and other Asian countries. He wasn't to first one to reach China, but he wrote a long and detailed chronicle of his experience, telling all about the people he met and their cultures. His book was an inspiration for many travelers to come, included Colombo. Moreover, he influenced also the science of cartography.
I like Marco Polo and his stories very much, because they represent the longing of the human being for discovering the unknown and breaking boundaries, without having fear of the diversity of the world.

Claudia Gualandi, Italy

gualandi_c — 2017-03-11 15:22:27 UTC

Italy had great explorers. I like particularly two of them.
Christopher Columbus (1451– 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World.
Amerigo Vespucci was of Florentine origin and had made several voyages to the New World in the early 16^th century. Although historians dispute just how many voyages he made, and what role he played, Amerigo Vespucci must have been an expert sailor since he was named Chief Navigator for the Kingdom of Spain. He was a well-known cartographer in his time and at his school for navigation in Seville, he had Ferdinand Magellan among others, as a student.

Today it is not his voyages that are remembered, but possibly his first name, as in North and South America. Mapmakers of the time may have used the female version of Amerigo Vespucci's first name to the ever growing discovery of new lands. It was becoming obvious that China and the Indies were still farther off and these new lands, once known vaguely as Terra Nova or Terra Incognita, were now being labeled: America.

Sara / Israel

saragolan81 — 2017-03-11 15:34:58 UTC

Waze is a GPS-based geographical navigation application program that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Waze Mobile. It works on smartphones and tablets with GPS support and provides turn-by-turn information and user-submitted travel times and route details, downloading location-dependent information over mobile networks

Elida (Lithuania)

daile — 2017-03-11 18:12:45 UTC

1. This is news to me - very beautiful and meaningful ornaments:
http://linearpopulationmodel.blogspot.lt/2014/01/the-cosmology-of-ancient-balts.html

2. Lithuanian Stonehenge:

Elena, Romania

elena_sidonia — 2017-03-11 19:40:18 UTC

Anamaria , Romania

2017-03-11 19:45:00 UTC

Stephen the Great was a famous medieval moldavian king. He wanted to conquer the Black Sea at the end of the fifteenth century. So, Stephen the Great used the Moldavian Draper (Pânzarul Moldovenesc) to conquer the fortress Chilia.

Elena, Romania

elena_sidonia — 2017-03-11 19:45:39 UTC

As Romania is more a continental country than one which has access to seas and oceans, we do not have navigators, but we do have explorers. The most famous explorers are Ilarie Mitrea, a surgeon who travelled towards Australia and Indonesia, Iuliu Popper, an engineer who explored many countries in South America, and Emil Racovita, a great biologist who studied more than a thousand species of plants and animals in Antarctica.

Daniela Ambrosi, Italy

2017-03-11 20:28:31 UTC

Marcela, Portugal

2017-03-12 00:50:42 UTC

In Portugal, there are several prehistoric monuments related to astronomical observations. As an example, I am referring to the Cromeleque dos Almendres, in Évora.

Melina, Brasil

melinasl_mel — 2017-03-12 03:26:30 UTC

On the night of May 5, 1668, the Portuguese vessel Galeão Santíssimo Sacramento was shipwrecked on the coast of Bahia, at the time of the Red River. More than 400 people drowned and a valuable cargo went to the bottom of the sea in a vessel of approximately 500 tons. For more than three centuries this treasure was submerged. In 1976, the Brazilian Navy, in partnership with the Ministry of Education and PETROBRAS, recognizing the importance of this historical site, undertook the first research of submarine archeology in the country and brought to the fore the rescued from the scientific expedition of the Sacramento Galeão. Among the precious pieces are cannonballs, muskets and arquebuses; Fragments of cannon carts, pitch, nail and nail in metal; Alliances, thimbles, buttons, faience, plates, moringas and sacred images. An important part of these findings is found in the Nautical Museum of Bahia and greatly contributes to increase the knowledge of our colonial history. Properly classified and protected, the salvaged archaeological site of the Sacramento Galeão constitute a valuable collection of the formation of Brazil.

The history of navigations is the result of the enormous commitment of mathematicians, astronomers, nautists and shipbuilders who have contributed to solve problems related to heading, distance, latitude and longitude, ensuring, over time, more safety to the sea route.
In modern times, electronics, due to its ease and viability, have almost made us forget the difficult route of discovering and perfecting the instruments used by the pioneers of navigational art, of which the Portuguese can be proud to have contributed. The problems that have arisen over latitude and longitude have given great impetus to the improvement and discovery of new instruments.
Visiting the collection of nautical instruments and replicas of boats of the Nautical Museum of Bahia, it is possible to know the types and characteristics of the instruments used in the art of sailing, and their evolution up to the present day, as well as the details of the main vessels with which the From the fifteenth century onwards, seafarers pioneered the oceans and seas in search of new lands, new peoples, riches and dreams.

George Greece

2017-03-12 07:56:07 UTC

Minoan calculator
Recently a researcher found a disc in The Ancient Museum in Herakleon Crete and discovered that
This disc was used to predict the lunar eclispses and the latitude in MInoan Crete nearly 1400 years before antilythera mechanism

Luca, Italy

luca_mastropasqua — 2017-03-12 09:23:10 UTC

Map of the world produced in 1689 by Gerard van Schagen.

Lore, Italy

2017-03-12 10:52:28 UTC

The Greeks, through the navigation, colonized southern Italy and founded important pòleis...

2017-03-12 14:50:26 UTC

From Ro-Bucharest

Fiona, A Brit in Sweden

2017-03-12 18:11:49 UTC

Recommend reading the book Longitude. Excellent story of the clock maker John Harrison and the quest to find an accurate time piece to use for navigation purposes

Modern Era

gianginne — 2017-03-12 19:28:17 UTC

In 1494 the Tordesillas treaty cut the world in two areas, one in the hand of Portugues and the other in the hand of Spanish. In fact, the treaty was based on an immaginary meridian in the Atlantic Ocean

Barbara, Italy

barbaradipa — 2017-03-12 20:09:38 UTC

Between the Neolithic and the Iron Age the Ligurians were good seamen and arrived to the Libian Sea. Later they used their vessels for acts of piracy, stealing and destroying marchandise on expeditions as far as the Pillars of Heracles.
The development of Etrurian and Greek navigation and, later, of Roman navigation stopped them so they retired in the mountains. We only have got few historical documents written by Diodoro Siculo and Tito Livio.
Many years later, in 1492, a young Cristopher Colombus (from Genoa, Liguria) left from Spain for India... but got to America, whose name comes from Amerigo Vespucci. He was a contemporary navigator of Columbus, who first realized that it wasn't Asia, but a new continent.

Rosa / Italy

2017-03-12 20:40:57 UTC

I like Marco Polo and his stories very much, because they represent the longing of the human being for discovering the unknown and breaking boundaries, without having fear of the diversity of the world.

2017-03-12 21:08:46 UTC

Daniela Lazzaroni, Italy
I live in Sicily, that thanks to its strategic geographical position represented the major Mediterranean crossroad where different peoples and cultures came together over time.

EZZARG, Morocco

abdelaziz_ezzarg — 2017-03-13 00:48:43 UTC

http://www.cadrans-solaires.fr/images/volubilis_philippe-500.jpg

http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_islam_and_sea.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi

Miguel, Portugal

2017-03-13 17:11:48 UTC

Portuguese 'Astrolábio' called Aveiro (Portugueses city where it was found).

Pedro, Portugal

2017-03-13 18:45:47 UTC

Portuguese 'Astrolábio' called Aveiro (Portugueses city where it was found).

The War of Chioggia

elobona73 — 2017-03-13 19:08:32 UTC

During the period of the città marinare in Italy, Chioggia was a strategic place always ready to protect Venice. Our way of living was influenced by different cultures which arrived in ships through the sea.

Measuring time

2017-03-13 21:08:35 UTC

Mariners centuries ago did not have the luxury of knowing the time as we do know for calculating positions accurately. A chronometer was extremely expensive. Our cheap digital watches now can perform the same function.

Katie Ireland

2017-03-13 21:15:14 UTC

Trade between Ireland and Spain goes back through the centuries. All sailors had to do was go due South from Baltimore (in West Cork) until the saw A Coruna in North Spain. This kept them off the Atlantic Shelf away from the worst of the Biscay storms.

Manuela Mendes, Portugual

manuelamendes — 2017-03-14 00:51:17 UTC

Development of astronomical navigation with new navigational instruments and techniques, and the progress of Cartography allowed the Portuguese to venture "through seas never before navigated."

For astronomical navigation the Portuguese, like other Europeans, used Arabic navigation instruments, such as the astrolabe and the quadrant , which lightened and simplified.
Nonius is a device, named in honour to its Portuguese author and inventor Pedro Nunes created in 1542 as a system for taking fine measurements on the astrolabe. Later on, it was adapted in 1631 by the French mathematician Pierre Vernier, to create the vernier scale.

Portugal´s History dates to the Early Middle Ages (15th and 16th centuries). Portugal were a world power during Europe's "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire, including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

In the year of 1434, Gil Eanes doubles Cape Bojador and is promoted the discovery of the African coast,

One of the great achievements of all these voyages was crossing for the first time the Cape of Storms (1487, by Bartolomeu Dias) to the command of an expedition of three caravels. Later this Cape is called Cape of Good Hope, because it allowed the maritime connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Finally in May of 1948, Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut, thus establishing the maritime route to India with the route of the spice trade.

In 1494 the Tordesillas treaty cut the world in two areas, one in the hand of Portuguese and the other in the hand of Spanish. In fact, the treaty was based on an immaginary meridian in the Atlantic Ocean

The Great Age of Exploration 1400-1550
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUrU7C2p0eA

Story Map: Vasco Da Gama's First Voyage to India
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfGjDyVRoEs

Jeane de Fatima, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil

2017-03-14 14:37:26 UTC

I used blue TNT, so the young could represent a constellation! They would draw the main stars with the approximate location.

Sevasti Milona, Greece

sev_asti — 2017-03-14 18:59:32 UTC

Ιt has great interest to know the level of knowledge of our ancestors. It is remarkable. Another tool that strikes me is: the portable annular sundial of Parmenion. It could be used for finding the latitude of a place, azimuth and height-star.

The Vikings

2017-03-14 21:00:02 UTC

The vikings had to use navigation to get around on the oceans. All ships had a weathercock to show were the wind campe from. They used a sunstone to navigate by the sun, and they used a suncompasse.

Lighthouses

2017-03-15 15:53:17 UTC

Maria - Sicily

Lighthouses have always been reference points for navigators, they are also called landmarks on maps. At ancient times fires along the coasts or on the top of mountains or promontories, were used for sailors to get oriented in coastal navigation.

Nils / Germany

2017-03-15 16:24:20 UTC

Lighthouses are important in Germany and have been even more in former time. It's pretty fascinating how seaman navigated without gps.

Pia, Italy

mariapia_gio — 2017-03-15 18:27:22 UTC

Italy is the result of ancient navigations. Infact Italian culture has been affected by several people come from the sea. In the Middle Age were born maritime Republics. They developed and remained indipendent from their rulers thanks to trades. The most important maritime city were Amalfi, where Flavio Gioia perfected the compass, Pisa, Genova and Venice. In these cities, especially in the southern ones like Bari, lived together a lot of different people interested in trade. I'm attaching a picture of the statue of Flavio Gioia in Amalfi.

Maria Antonia, Italy

mariantonia_vesce — 2017-03-16 15:52:44 UTC

since ancient times, man has followed the stars in the sky to move to the ground and left accounts of these movements, even the most dramatic
Pliny the Younger letter

http://www.ov.ingv.it/ov/it/fonti-storiche-eruzione-vesuvio-pompei.html

Daniele - Italy

danvir — 2017-03-16 23:44:51 UTC

Italy is a land of explorers and sailors.
During Middle Ages were really famous the so called "Sea Republics", four cities whose fleet speard all the Mediterranean sea. They built many colonies granting them the control of trades.
One of the first was Amalfi (near Naples). Then we remember Pisa and Genua. The most important was Venice, which directed also a crusade who make byzantine empire collapsed. Venice was a really strong State till XVI century, but it was conquered only at the end of XVIII century.

Maria Nikolova, Nulgaria

maria_n_ss — 2017-03-17 07:35:23 UTC

We could using it when we are in nature without compass and our phone is without battery :)

Angela

2017-03-17 15:29:43 UTC

The instrument was preserved in the Uffizi Gallery, and Galileo himself used it for astronomical calculations. For this reason it is known as "Galileo's astrolabe."http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/Astrolabe_n14.html

Leonor, Portugal

2017-03-18 01:11:20 UTC

"Pesar o sol (Weigh the Sun)" was the name given by the Portuguese sailors to the determination of the noon altitude of the sun. They altered the design of the nautical astrolabe used to measure the height of the night stars, adapting it, to more easily measure the height of the Sun (which became important when they began to sail below the equator, since they couldn't see polaris) - the sight holes were narrower, and instead of peering through them, the pilots suspended the astrolabe at waist level and rolled the alidade until the sun's light passed through the two holes and was projected onto the ground or other surface. This process had the name "Pesar o sol (Weigh the Sun)" (probably by the similarity of this position with the one to use a scale). This astrolabe was very robust and weighed several kilos, so that its verticality was maintained during the observations, regardless of the balance of the ship, and had openings on its surface, so that it was affected as little as possible by the wind.

how use an astrolabio

tribbianilorena — 2017-03-18 08:14:59 UTC

https://youtu.be/gu-yC-g4fcU

Maria Grazia G., (Italy)

mariagrazia_caltanissetta — 2017-03-18 14:32:11 UTC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7COCkxpEvzs

AnBra

2017-03-18 18:18:09 UTC

Italy is a peninsula extending into the Mediterranean Sea; navigation is part of its history. Few people know the importance of navigation through the Navigli, the waterways of Milan, which allowed Milan to trade and to reach the sea.

Aurora-Italy

aurorpagano — 2017-03-18 18:20:29 UTC

I live in Calabria. Navigation through the many ancient peoples lived in southern Italy.

Olga (Spain)

2017-03-18 18:50:57 UTC

The map "Gallaecia Regnum" (Kingdom of Gallicia) was published around 1611 by Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) following the work of Gerhard Mercator (1512-94).

The Atlantic is labeled Oceanus Occidentalis (Western Ocean).

Two of the most significant buildings shown are the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela and the Tower of Hercules at La Coruña—the only fully preserved Roman lighthouse still in use for maritime signaling and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Olga (Spain)

2017-03-18 19:22:04 UTC

María Pita, is an undisputed protagonist of the history of Galicia, a demanding and determined woman whose name and figure is present in many corners of the city of A Coruña. Its great contribution to history, for which it would be remembered forever, took place in the year 1589. It was then that Sir Francis Drake, corsair of the British navy, besieged A Coruña as punishment for his support to the Invincible Navy, sent a Year before by the Spanish King against England.

After long days of fierce fighting and intense fire, the population takes refuge and offers resistance behind the walls of the Old City, but the enemy finally manages to open a large access gap in the wall.It is then when Maria Pita demolishes and kills the English ensigner taking his flag. It is said that this fact was carried out to the cry of "whoever has honor, follow me"

Silvia, Italy

2017-03-19 13:05:23 UTC

Navigation has always been central to Italian culture, due to its position in the Mediterranean and a shoreline of more than 7000 Km. It may look bizarre, therefore, that the region where I live, called Salento, down in the heel of the italian "boot", doesn't have any remarkable navigation tradition! There are just two historical towns on the coast, but all the other settlements were inland. Why?
In ancient times, the sea was mostly the place where invaders came from, like the Ottoman army that carried the siege of Otranto in 1480.
In Salento we don't have many ports, even now, but we have a beautiful frame of coastal towers that were used for signaling the arrival of strangers from the sea!

Alexandre Costa, Portugal

alexandrejcosta — 2017-03-20 09:03:21 UTC

Portugal has been a country of Sea and Ocean navigators since the Middle Age. The Expansion of the XIV and XV Century was led by the Portuguese (with exception of the Western Indias done by the Spanish) and included the following facts of historical significance:
1418: Tristão Vaz Teixeira, Bartolomeu Perestrelo and João Gonçalves Zarco discover the Island of Porto Santo.
1419: The same Portuguese expedition arrives at Madeira Island.
1432: Gonçalo Velho Cabral discovers the Azores Archipelago. First the Island of Santa Maria and all the others were visited by 1457.
1434: Gil Eanes overtakes Cape Bojador.
1443: Nuno Tristão arrives at the Island of Arguim.
1445: Nuno Tristão reaches Senegambia and Dinis Dias surpasses the mouth of Senegal.
1482: Diogo Cão discovers Zaire.
1488: Bartolomeu Dias reaches the South African Cape, facing in this place a dangerous storm and, for that reason, calls it Cape of Storms. With this great event opens the possibility of reaching the Indies. That is why the king of Portugal, D. João, decided to change the name of the cable to a more optimistic one: Cape of Good Hope.
1498: Vasco da Gama, commanding a fleet of four ships (S. Gabriel, S. Rafael, Bérrio and a boat of provisions) reaches the city of Calicute, in the Indies, the great objective with which, a century ago, Portugal dreamed.
1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral discovers Brasil.

the story that has most fascinated me was that of the Dutch West and East India and how in 1500 imposed the line and load share navigation concept.

2017-03-20 19:24:52 UTC

Mirela, Romania

scomi78 — 2017-03-21 17:31:33 UTC

Nikolai Spathari (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e miˈlesku spǎtaru], used the astrolabe to establish coordinates of some settlements. His materials were later used by the Jesuits, who took considerable interest in China. Upon returning to Moscow, he submitted to the Foreign Ministry three volumes of notes: Travel notes and Description of China, alongside the Travels.

Iuliana, Romania

iulyanaivan — 2017-03-22 21:04:31 UTC

Romania denies having open at Black Sea navigation was brainstorm since ancien times. It says that there were medieval skip. But from 1878 really star navigation.

Mara, Italy

mara_mosca77 — 2017-03-25 14:26:01 UTC

I'm from Campania region, a land founded by Greek and called ''Felix'' because of the fertility of the soil. In many places, such as Pompei and Herculaneum, you can still see the greek and roman inheritance in the road plan and the eating habits.

GIUSY, ITALY

gy_ponticiello — 2017-03-25 22:51:28 UTC

I LIVE IN NAPLES. MY CITY IS LOCATED NEAR THE SEA. ITS ANCIENT ORIGINS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT ARE RELATED TO NAVIGATION.
IN THE FAMOUS "MUSEUM OF THE SEE" OF NAPLES THERE ARE MANY NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND BOATS PAST ERAS.
FOR MORE INFORMATION. YOU CAN WATCH THE VIDEO:
MUSEO DEL MARE DI NAPOLI ( ITALY)
https://youtu.be/Wrkf-oRehRo

Adriana Lefter

lefteradriana — 2017-03-26 09:41:32 UTC

In our country from the ancient history the most important space for navigations was Black Sea, an open gate to other countries

Adina Marcu,Romania

2017-03-26 13:24:51 UTC

Navigation was near the Black Sea,at Tomis and Callatis.

Rosaria Maria Barone Linguaglossa, Italy

rosariamaria_barone — 2017-03-26 21:23:55 UTC

What were the chances of our ancestors to move on the water has always been a question to which we tried to give an answer. Probably the first attempt to go beyond the small or narrow the opposite banks of a river occurred on the back of a trunk or of a bundle of branches that allowed to float. Only in ancient times and with the improvement of shipbuilding, and the involvement of numerous cultures and peoples who inhabited the Mediterranean basin, they will start to differentiate the ways in which unfolded navigation. In the maritime context, the ancient navigation is closely related to the type and size of the boat. It sailed both sail and oars. The oars were mainly used in military ships, it could reach a large number of rowers, as in the case of warships from the Hellenistic period. The Leontoporos had 50 series of popular banks and two oars moved eight people for a total of 1,600 rowers. The sail propulsion was used primarily on commercial vessels.

The ancient navigation was essentially an empirical navigation. It is the nautical sense of sailors and their ability to perceive messages from the environment that surrounds them to allow to orientate it with ease. The astronomical and environmental references and the dictates of experience replacing navigation aids. Although they did not know the compass and are not available to modern nautical technologies Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans sailed day and night facing offshore sailing even outside the Mediterranean.

Nadia

moveyourbodyandmind — 2017-03-27 10:07:06 UTC

Very interesting course !

mbacita — 2017-03-29 07:34:50 UTC

To understand the sacrifice that was made negi years, to learn to orientate to surf is an occasion of great importance. Knowing the technical developments that have been achieved with experiments and devices is very attractive.

2017-03-29 18:16:19 UTC

Moya, Mizoram India

pkasmail — 2017-03-30 10:24:36 UTC

Hi...we do not have any sea nor any large water bodies for navigation on the water. so there nothing much to say on water navigation.

David, Spain

david_galiana — 2017-03-30 11:30:00 UTC

I live in Alicante, at the Spanish Mediterranean coast. We have a lot of historical stuff in the MARQ museum: http://www.marqalicante.com/?lng=eng

Marija,Croatia

2017-03-31 20:11:25 UTC

I live in Sinj, located near Splitbiggest Croatian city on Mediterranean coast...

2017-04-01 11:22:18 UTC

Navigation was near the Danube River at Dorbeta Turnu Severin and Tulcea.

h

2017-10-19 18:19:18 UTC

рт

2024-10-02 12:41:55 UTC