Genetic and environmental factors

including gene mutations,

exposure to outside factors such as pesticides, or inherited genetic mutations.

Most causes are largely unknown.

• Loud snoring

• Observed Pauses in Breathe (Apnea)

• Choking while sleeping

• Gasping for air during sleep

A Physical Long-Term Consequence of Parkinson's Disease

Insurance coverage for FUS varies, as some private insurers and Medicare coverage the procedure, especially for tremor-dominant Parkinson's. Unfortunately coverage is not universal and typically depends on a case by case decision by the insurer. Long term consequences that may occur are worsening of untreated symptoms like tremors, muscle stiffness, bradykinesia, and loosing essential abilities such as walking, writing, speaking, which can potentially decrease quality of life.

• Replaces negative thoughts with healthy, logically sound thinking to improve mental health and lessen or resolve anxiety

Speech therapy is used to asses the communicative abilities of the patient, using individualized treatment

A diet change might be difficult if the patient cannot shop for themselves or they do not have the funding to supply such variety of food or supplements.

A dietitian may be the health professional that could help administer a diet change for a patient with Parkinson's Disease.

Veterans typically delay going to medical professionals which can cause diagnosis of PD to be severely delayed. They are typically also managing other symptoms that are caused by the military whether it be mental or physical.

Agricultural population might struggle with prevention due to the large usage of pesticides on farms, as well as trouble with access to clinics due to the urban nature of clinics and the often rural nature of agriculture.

It can be hard for individuals to make these changes to their daily lives. This can be true due to a lack of motivation, lack of equipment, or feeling overwhelmed with the pressure of exercising.

A dopamine deficiency is often listed as the main cause of Parkinson's Disease motor functional related issues.

One might struggle to enact the consumption of caffeine due to lifestyle choices as well as the cost of caffeine consumption due to prices of caffeinated beverages produced outside of the household.

• Possible Negative Impacts: Bleeding during surgery, motor side effects (dysarthria), and painful sensations

Wearable Tremor-Suppression Devices (Ex: gyroscopic gloves or wristbands) are devices used to counteract tremors caused by Parkinson's disease through the stabilization of hand movement during daily tasks.

• Possible Negative Impacts: Physical discomfort of fatigue, reduced fine motor control, increased fall risk (heavier weights on hands)

• Possible Negative Impacts: Exposure to radiation (ionizing radiation higher than that of an x-ray), allergic reactions, false results, and expensive cost

Advanced MRI Imaging (High-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a type of imaging that utilizes strong radio and magnet waves to create detailed pictures of the brain to look for tiny structures that are commonly affected by Parkinson's (Ex: substantia nigra) to see if they are starting to lose dopamine-producing cells.

• Possible Negative Impacts: High cost due to low availability, false results, anxiety or claustrophobia irritation (due to the tight and loud nature of MRI machines)

It enhances neuroprotection reduced oxidative stress

A challenge could be the lack of motivation from a patient

Improving Diet

Limiting unhealthy foods reduces the risk of PD due to red meats

Some individuals do not have access or the luxury to choose clean food options

The National Parkinson's Awareness Month is a PSA created by the NIH, CDC and the Parkinson's Foundation to inform the public environment about the early symptoms and the risk factors commonly associated with the disease. The main challenge faced with PSA's is the inability for some subgroups of the population to receive information via social media or the internet; therefore, needing a more diverse and complex release of information for most of the public to be informed.

Bans and Restrictions:

Various bans and restrictions have come about due to research linking various chemicals, more specifically: pesticides, to Parkinson's Disease. The goal to limit those with Parkinson's disease through the implementation of legislation and policy to improve public health. Possible challenges may be associated with specific trades such as farming where certain pesticides are still utilized in certain countries where there is still a link to Parkinson's; however, the way of life and need for mass food production in a highly populated world often bends the rules for the majority.