Discussion Board - Unit II by https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951 Autonomic Nervous System and Respiratory System en-us 2021-06-25 20:00:14 UTC 2026-03-15 18:00:00 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f338.png 1. The two divisions of the ANS and alternate names associated with each: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874064 - Parasympathetic Nervous System 'PNS' (alt name: Craniosacral Division; craniosacral & cholinergic)
-Sympathetic Nervous System 'SNS' (alt name: Thoracolumbar Division; thoracolumbar & adrenergic)]]> 2021-06-25 20:21:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874064 2. The neurotransmitters for each division: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874471 - Parasympathetic Nervous System: Acetylcholine
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine]]> 2021-06-25 20:21:54 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874471 3. The locations where each NT is released in each division of the ANS: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874725 - PNS: Acetylcholine is release in the postganglionic nerve endings

- SNS:
*Norepinephrine is released in adrenal medulla & neurons

*Epinephrine is released in postganglionic nerve endings]]> 2021-06-25 20:22:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625874725 4. The receptors of each division with main locations of each receptor: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625875148 - PNS: Muscarinic & Nicotinic
*Muscarinic - located on the cells membranes of visceral organs & glands.
*Nicotinic - two types of nicotinic receptors (Nicotinic-1 [Nm = Nicotinic muscle] & Nicotinic-2 [Nn = Nicotinic muscle]

- SNS: Divided into two types of receptors (alpha & beta)
*alpha-1: glands, eyes, smooth muscle..

*alpha-2: adrenergic nerve endings

*beta-1: located on the heart

*beta-2: smooth muscles, lungs, uterus..

]]> 2021-06-25 20:22:55 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625875148 5. The end organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. List the specific organ and state what response is generated in that organ when stimulated by each ANS division: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625875435 - PNS:
*Arteries: not supplied by parasympathetic nerves
*Heart: decreases heart rate & atrioventricular conduction
*GI Tract: Increases
*Post ganglionic transmitter: releases ACH
*Pupil: experiences miosis
*Respiratory passages: bronchoconstriction
*Urinary Bladder: contracts
*Urinary Sphincter: experiences relaxation

- SNS:
*Adrenal medulla: releases EPI
*Arteries: vasoconstriction (exceptions are coronary arteries & skeletal muscle arteries)
*Heart: increases heart rate & atrioventricular conduction
*GI Tract: Decreases
*Post ganglionic transmitter: releases NE
*Pupil: Mydriasis
*Respiratory passages: Bronchonstriction
*Urinary bladder: experiences relaxation
*Urinary Sphincter: contracts]]> 2021-06-25 20:23:18 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625875435 6. The drug classifications for each division of the ANS. Under each classification, identify which receptors are interacted with, then include the action that occurs: cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625877262 - PNS:
*Parasympathomimetic: drugs that mimic the parasympathetic system ---> cholinergic & antagonists
*Parasympatholytics: drugs that work against the parasympathetic system ---> anticholinergic & antagonist

-Receptors:
*Muscarinic: decreases heart rate, bronchoconstriction, digestion increases along w/ GI, urinary secretions & pupillary constriction.
*Nicotinic (Nm): depolarization in ganglia which results in post ganglionic impulse
*Nicotinic (Nn): neuromuscular junction of muscle & if stimulated the muscle contracts.

- SNS:
*Sympathomimetics: drugs that mimic the sympathetic system (adrenergic & agonists)
*Sympatholytics: drugs that work against the sympathetic system (adrenergic blocking, blockers & inhibitor antagonists)

-Receptors:
*Alpha-1: smooth muscle contraction
*Alpha-2: decreases contraction of smooth muscle
*Beta-1: increase force of contraction
*Beta-2: smooth muscle relaxation]]> 2021-06-25 20:23:52 UTC https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625877262 7. The specific drug examples found on your drug list under each drug classification including generic (lowercase) and brand (capitalized in parentheses with the trademark symbol at the end- ®): cinnamonwalker https://padlet.com/cinnamonwalker/b35y6mqsjgyth951/wish/1625879290 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
increase circulation of vital organs, increase BP, and promote digestion
*ephedrine
       increases BP
*phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
       increases BP, nasal        congesting

Adrenergic Agonists: severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, shock, and cardiac arrhythmias
*epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
         increases heart rate and BP, cardiac stimulant, bronchodilator

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia
*prazosin (Minipress®)
           HTN
*terazosin (Hytrin®)
          HTN & BPH
*doxazosin  (Cardura®)
         HTN & BPH
 Orthostatic hypertension - causation with position changes, reflex tachycardia, GI upset, and increased urination

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist: treatment of shock, increases blood pressure, and increases heart function
*dobutamine
      Overstimulation of the heart, CNS irritation

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist: Asthma, respiratory illness/disease, preterm labor
Bronchodilators
*formoterol (Foradil®)
*albuterol (Proventil® Ventolin®)
*terbutaline (Brethine®)
       Tachycardia, jittery, tremors, headache

Beta Blocker (Non-Selective):
Hypertension (HTN) arrhythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (lowers IOP), heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity)
*nadolol (Corgard®)
*propranolol (Inderol®)
*timolol (Blocadren®)
       drowsiness, GI upset, CNS depression, bradycardia, need to monitor serum lipid levels, mental depression, monitor glucose in diabetic

Beta Blocker (Selective):
Hypertension (HTN), angina, arrhythmias, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (lowers IOP), heart failure (decreases sympathetic activity)
*atenolol (Tenormin®)
*metoprolol (Lopressor®)
drowsiness, GI upset, CNS depression, bradycardia, need to monitor serum lipid levels, mental depression, monitor glucose levels 

Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
*acetylcholine (ACH)
Used for miosis, cataract, and other eye surgeries
*MOA: pupil constriction
*pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
*Used for glaucoma
*MOA: pupil constriction; decreases the amount of fluid in eyes; decreases intraocular pressure

*bethanechol (Urecholine®)
Used for urinary retention and ileus/intestinal stasis

MOA: stimulates muscarinic receptors of bladder and GI tract to prevent constipation and urinary retention post-op and in the elderly 

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents: Urinary retention and intestinal stasis/ileus, reversal of anticholinergicrocuronium bromide (Zemuron®) with respiratory paralysis from anesthesia by increasing ACH at the nicotinic 2 (NM) receptors on skeleton muscle, treatment for myasthenia gravis
*neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
Lacrimation, urinary incontinence, emesis (sLUdgE)

Anticholinergic
*atropine
Used as an antidote for cholinergic poisoning

Increases heart rate (HR), decreases vague nerve activity (parasympathetic), pre-op medicine slows digestion and urination, mydriasis
*dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
Used for GI disorders (ulcers, colitis, IBS)
Decreases GI secretions and motility

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)
*bronchodilation

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants (A)
     * Peripherally Acting      *succinylcholine
        Depolarizing Agent
Uses: intubation, adjunct therapy for general anasthesia

(Fasiculatations) Pain, jaw riggidity, hypotension, arrhythmias, potential for toxicity if cholinesterase is abnormal, malignment hypothermia - obtain family history, should only be used in emergent situations in pediatric patients

  • recuronium bromide (Zemuron®)
        Non-depolarizing Agent
  • Used for intubation, adjunct therapy for general anasthesia, and mechanical ventilation
  • (Fasiculations) pain, jaw riggidity, hypotension, arrhythmias, respiratory depression

  • dantrolene (Dantrium®)
         Direct Acting
  • Used for spastic conditions, ie. cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, sprinal cord injuries, malignment hyperthermia
  • Hepatotoxicity - box warning, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, weakness

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants (B): spasms, injury, tension, overexertion
         Centrally Acting
*cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®)
*carisoprodol (Soma®)
*methocarbamol (Robaxin®)
*orphenadrine citrate (Norflex®)
*chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC®)
*metaxalone (Skelaxin®)

Blurred vision, fatigue, decreased mental alertness, lethargy, dizziness, decreased muscle tone, hypotension, avoid alcohol, patients may need to avoid operating a vehicle if effects are intense
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