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      <title>CRIM302 Padlet 2 by Alex Rearden</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6</link>
      <description>Topics 9 - 11 Alexandra Rearden 220047962</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2018-05-25 10:13:13 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2025-11-07 06:07:10 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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         <title>Lawyers Advocate for Equality</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/263593934</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>In these two articles, both written by and placed on websites of different law firms, the differences in sentencing between men and women are discussed. The articles make the point that women often receive much lighter sentences than men. The articles both state that the criminal activity is very different between the genders and the reason which they commit the crimes are also very different. <br>The overall purpose of these articles however, is to not only make the reader aware that this discrimination occurs, but to educate offenders about the need for lawyers to represent them to prevent any bias activity. Essentially when searching the internet for information about discrimination in sentencing it leads you to the layers websites. </div><div>(Donahue and Sowa: Attorneys at Law, 2018) (Sydney Criminal Lawyers, 2015) (LY Lawyers, 2015)</div><div><a href="https://lylawyers.com.au/why-do-female-criminals-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/">https://lylawyers.com.au/why-do-female-criminals-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/</a><br><a href="https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/do-women-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/">https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/do-women-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/</a><br><a href="https://www.dui-criminal-lawyers.com/dsmlaw-blog/men-and-women-treated-differently-criminal-justice-system">https://www.dui-criminal-lawyers.com/dsmlaw-blog/men-and-women-treated-differently-criminal-justice-system</a></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-05-25 10:19:40 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/263593934</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Why do Women deserve Leniency?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/263595248</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This article discusses whether or not being a woman is grounds for a lenient punishment.  It is on website where readers can comment and respond to the article and give their personal opinion on the topic. The reasons the article states for lenient punishment are:</div><div><strong>YES</strong> to leniency</div><ul><li>Women are more likely to learn from mistakes</li><li>Children may be orphaned</li><li>Women are considered less Violent overall</li><li>Jail affects women more adversely than it does to men. </li></ul><div><strong>NO</strong> to leniency</div><ul><li>More women will become involved in crime if little punishment.</li><li>Equality? This should mean equal sentencing for men and women.</li><li>Future of children not positive if raised with bad mother. </li></ul>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.careerride.com/view/can-being-a-woman-be-a-ground-for-lenient-punishment-33337.aspx" />
         <pubDate>2018-05-25 10:26:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/263595248</guid>
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         <title>Why are Sexual Offences Treated so Differently?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/265572547</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Teaching is a significant influencing job role that both male and females are required to perform in today’s society. The power a teacher may have over students is often taken for granted or abused.  Both men and women abuse this power by having sexual relationships with their students who are often under the age of consent. </div><div><br></div><h1>This article "Hot For Teacher: Gender Bias in Sentencing of Teachers that have Sex with Their Students" by Amanda Cairns shows the major differences in some of the sentences handed down to men and women teachers for sexual assault charges. It is discussed that females “get a slap on the wrist compared to the hefty jail time male teachers must serve.” The article makes a good point that the media greatly impacts the degree in which society views these relationships as deviant. Pop culture glamorizes sexual relationships between older women and young boys in movies such as American Pie and The Graduate. </h1><div><br></div><h1>The stereotypes that are often portrayed surrounding sexual relationships between men and women should have no place in the criminal justice system but it often results in lenient sentencing for women teachers compared to men (Cairns, 2012). </h1><div><br></div><h1> <a href="http://campbelllawobserver.com/hot-for-teacher-gender-bias-in-sentencing-of-teachers-that-have-sex-with-their-students/">http://campbelllawobserver.com/hot-for-teacher-gender-bias-in-sentencing-of-teachers-that-have-sex-with-their-students/</a></h1>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-05 08:00:17 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/265572547</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Stats on Sentencing in Australia, Women vs. Men</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266453138</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics at 30 June 2016:</div><ul><li>3,094 women vs. 35,745 men in Australian adult corrective services facilities.&nbsp;</li><li>1,911 female vs., 24,723 male sentenced prisoners in Australia.</li><li>Homicide related offences: 9.4% of female vs. 8.9% of male sentenced prisoners.</li><li>Illicit drugs: 19% of female vs.12% of male prisoners</li><li>Acts intended to cause injury: 16% of female vs. 18% of male prisoners.&nbsp;</li><li>Sexual Assault: 2% of females vs. 14% of male prisoners.</li><li>Fraud and deception: 9% of females vs. 2% of male prisoners</li></ul><div><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br></div><div><a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4125.0~Sep%202017~Main%20Features~Safety%20and%20Justice~8">http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4125.0~Sep%202017~Main%20Features~Safety%20and%20Justice~8</a><br><br></div><div>Jeffries &amp; Bond, (2010) discuss the stats as well. Their study “Sex and Sentencing Disparity in South Australia’s Higher Courts” found a direct relationship between sex and sentencing where women were “less likely to be imprisoned and, when sentenced to prison received shorter terms.”<br><br></div><div>Women offend less often with less serious crimes: women's rates of offending during 2006 -2007 were 747 per 100,000 compared with a male rate of 2,699 (Jeffries &amp; Bond, 2010).&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-10 08:06:35 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266453138</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266453958</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/289020637/08e3af74c9d0773a793bab614b10daaf/gender_equality_sex_justice_d_scales_weigh_issues_31532615.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-10 08:22:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266453958</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>In Australia is it a myth?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266975206</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Rape and sexual violence in prison is a well discussed social topic. <br>Sexual violence in Australian prisons however is only reported as 2.5% of male prisoners and 3.9% of female prisoners being forced or d into unwanted sexual activity (University of New South Wales, 2011)<strong>. </strong>This myth of inevitable occurrence of sexual assault is believed by about a third of men and women who are entering into the prison system fearing they will be sexually assaulted. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/sex-australian-prisons-facts" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-13 09:07:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266975206</guid>
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         <title>Is Jail Worse for Women?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266977148</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There is a vast difference in men and women’s jails and the experiences prisoners have in these institutions. There are advocators for both sides of the debate between different genders and who has the better treatment inside prison. Here it is argued that women suffer more than men in prison due to the gender bias they experience and they often have extra health and social needs. <br><br></div><div>This gender bias is addressed by using support programs and services aimed at helping women obtain reduced sentences, stop reoffending and assist them when leaving jail to re-establish a normal lifestyle (Vongkiatkajorn, 2016). <br><br></div><h1>The difference in the personality traits and social interactions between men and women influence the way in which they behave and therefore the way in which the prison needs to operate successfully and safely. Many differences between men and women are noted in the article “What life is really like inside a women’s prison” published by Woman’s Weekly (Weaver &amp; Cubbin, 2015), </h1><div><strong>"Men are high risk and low need,” whilst "Women, on the other hand, are low risk and high need"</strong> (Weaver &amp; Cubbin, 2015)</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-13 09:19:33 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/266977148</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267125895</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The image below used to represent the content of the article “Welcome to Texas, prison rape capital of the U.S”. (Viliarreal, 2012) is a graphical representation to raise awareness of how serious rape against a prisoner is often considered a joking matter by wider society. The article discusses experiences of rape in prison and how it is often ignored or treated as insignificant by people of authority. This often forces prisoners to suffer in silence as they are continuously sexually assaulted. “it is easy to ignore an entire population that is locked away” (Viliarreal, 2012). </div><div><a href="https://www.dallasvoice.com/texas-prison-rape-capital-u-s-10105138.html">https://www.dallasvoice.com/texas-prison-rape-capital-u-s-10105138.html</a></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/289020637/a43fdb8a7a96d8c40f7c84be57543320/DV_Cover_03_23_12_For_WEB.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 02:30:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267125895</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267125966</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This blog is also a list of commandments written by ex-prisoners in an attempt to make criminals aware of the prison code they should follow. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-10-prison-commandments-or-prison-code-every-inmate-should-know-and-follow" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 02:30:33 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267125966</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267127431</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/real-life/what-life-is-really-like-inside-a-womens-prison-9104" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 02:42:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267127431</guid>
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         <title>Crime committed = Quality of Treatment in Prison</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267127527</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The news article “Jailhouse justice: A look at inmate society in Australian jails” (McMah &amp; Palin , 2016) discusses the different experiences prisoners have in jail in Australia based on the crimes they have committed. </div><div>In Australia criminals at high risk of being attacked or killed because of the crimes they have committed, mainly those which related to child offences and high profile crimes or other criminals who fear for their lives due to race, gangs or drugs. </div><div>Once entered into a protection unit the prisoners are stigmatised for life. The prisons have a structured system to segregate the inmates but when allowed to socialise in the yard the inmates are often in gangs based on ethnicity. The prisoners often feel as if they have to behave in a certain way to avoid being harmed. <br><a href="https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/jailhouse-justice-a-look-at-inmate-society-in-australian-jails/news-story/f14a395233ea83b6967c010b71102123">https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/jailhouse-justice-a-look-at-inmate-society-in-australian-jails/news-story/f14a395233ea83b6967c010b71102123</a><br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 02:43:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267127527</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267130802</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.mamamia.com.au/children-in-prison/" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 03:09:23 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267130802</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131244</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sarah-pike/the-proliferation-of-female-inmates-and-how-tv-made-us-care_b_7285794.html" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 03:12:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131244</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131875</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.mamamia.com.au/life-in-a-womens-prison/" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 03:16:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131875</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131953</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://listverse.com/2014/09/29/10-things-orange-is-the-new-black-gets-wrong-about-prison-according-to-an-inmate/" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 03:17:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267131953</guid>
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         <title>Topic 9 – The Gendered Nature of Sentencing  - 1112 Words</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267137009</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There are often large discrepancies in the sentencing of men and women by the criminal justice system. Women are often seen as being given lenient sentences in comparison to men for equivalent crimes. Courts are often seen as “gender biased” often due to the social gender roles that women and men play in society. Overall, this bias is hard to define as women and men commit different types of crimes at different rates so statistically it is hard to compare the facts. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 04:26:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267137009</guid>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267142705</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is a graphical representation of the sentencing differences between men and women in Australian higher courts. It is clear that the women are getting either suspended sentences or lighter sentencing than the men (Gelb, 2010). </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/289020637/78cdd1e374851af20fc3053bedb48dba/graph.png" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-14 05:51:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267142705</guid>
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         <title>How Do Women Manage to Avoid Prison?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267143630</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Judges decisions are often based on blameworthiness, harm and risk. The blameworthiness of the defendant and the level of harm on the victim and society, as well as protecting the community from future harms (Goulette, Wooldredge, Frank, &amp; Travis , 2015). Also the practical impact on society, space in prisons, costs of caring for dependents and mental and physical health of the offender (Goulette, Wooldredge, Frank, &amp; Travis, 2015). <br><br></div><div>Three factors that influence sentencing are discussed in papers by Jeffries and Bond (2013, 2010) </div><ul><li>Blameworthiness is reduced – placed on mental health, family dysfunction, intimate relationships</li><li>Women are less likely to reoffend - due to responsibilities such as families, children and husbands. </li><li>There are concerns about social costs – primary carers for children. </li></ul><div>(Jeffries &amp; Bond, 2013) (Jeffries &amp; Bond, 2010). </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 06:06:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267143630</guid>
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         <title>Theoretical Perspectives</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267144090</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>Chivalry Theory</strong></div><div>The chivalry theory developed by Pollak in 1950 and evolving into paternalism by Nagel and Weitzman argues that women are “maternal, passive, weak and dependant on men” (Franklin &amp; Frean, 2008) and are viewed as the “weaker sex who need to be looked after” (Gelb, 2010). Because of this women are often treated differently when it comes to sentencing, as they are protected from the stigma of being a criminal and prison life and believed to be less able to tolerate punishment (Gelb, 2010). <br><br></div><div><strong>Gender Conflict Theory </strong></div><div>Gender conflict theory proposes that women are the subordinate gender socially and are less powerful against men (Franklin &amp; Frean, 2008). Women are seen to be more powerless, economically dependent and therefore lower levels of formal social control is needed for women (Gelb, 2010). <br><br></div><div><strong>Feminist Perspectives</strong></div><div>The feminist perspective discussed by Daly (1987) defined three beliefs of manifestation of paternalism in courts: </div><ul><li>Women are more likely to be carers of children</li><li>Women fulfil familial obligations more responsibly than men</li><li>The care of children is more important the\an breadwinning in family maintenance (Daly, 1987). </li></ul><div><br>These reasons are used to explain that women’s particular circumstances and life courses lead sentencer’s to see women as less dangerous, culpable and more likely to reform (Gelb, 2010). </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 06:11:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267144090</guid>
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         <title>References</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267144857</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<ul><li>Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017, November 21). <em>4125.0 - Gender Indicators, Australia, Sep 2017 .</em> Retrieved from Austraian Bureau of Statistics: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4125.0~Sep%202017~Main%20Features~Safety%20and%20Justice~8</li><li>Cairns, A. (2012, October 2). Hot for Teacher: Gender Bias in Sentencing of Teachers that have Sex with Their Students. <em>Campbell Law Observer</em>. Retrieved from http://campbelllawobserver.com/hot-for-teacher-gender-bias-in-sentencing-of-teachers-that-have-sex-with-their-students/</li><li>Career Ride. (2017, April 4). <em>Can being a woman be a ground for lenient punishment?</em> Retrieved from Careerride.com: https://www.careerride.com/view/can-being-a-woman-be-a-ground-for-lenient-punishment-33337.aspx</li><li>Daly, K. (1987). Discrimination in the Criminal Courts: Family, Gender, and the Problem of Equal Treatment. <em>Social Forces, 66</em>(1), 152 - 175. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2578905</li><li>Donahue and Sowa: Attorneys at Law. (2018, February 8). <em>Are Men and Women Treated Differently by the Criminal Justice System?</em> Retrieved from Donahue and Sowa: Attorneys at Law: https://www.dui-criminal-lawyers.com/dsmlaw-blog/men-and-women-treated-differently-criminal-justice-system</li><li>Franklin, C. A., &amp; Frean, N. E. (2008). Gender, race, and formal court decision-making outcomes: Chivalry/paternalism, conflict theory or gender conflict? <em>Journal of Criminal Justice, 36</em>, 279 - 290. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.04.009</li><li>Gelb, K. (2010). <em>Gender Differences in Sentencing.</em> Melbourne, VIC: Sentencing Advisory Council. Retrieved from http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/Gender%20Differences%20in%20Sentencing%20Outcomes.pdf</li><li>Goulette, N., Wooldredge, J., Frank, J., &amp; Travis , L. (2015). From Initial Appearance to Sentencing: Do Female Defendants Experience Disparate Treatment? <em>Journal of Criminal Justice, 43</em>, 406 - 417. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.07.003</li><li>Jeffries, S., &amp; Bond, C. E. (2010). Sex and Sentencing Disparity in South Australia's Higher Courts. <em>Curretn Issues in Criminal Justice, 22</em>(1), 81 - 98.</li><li>Jeffries, S., &amp; Bond, C. E. (2013). Gender, Indigeneity, and the Criminal Courts: A Narrative Exploration of Women's Sentencing in Western Australia. <em>Women and Criminal Justice, 23</em>(1), 19 - 42. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2013.743370</li><li>LY Lawyers. (2015, December 16). <em>Why do Female Criminals Get Lighter Sentences Than Men?</em> Retrieved from LY Lawyers Criminal Law Specialsts: https://lylawyers.com.au/why-do-female-criminals-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/</li><li>Sydney Criminal Lawyers. (2015, August 5). <em>Do Women Get Lighter Sentences Than Men?</em> Retrieved from Sydney Criminal Lawyers: https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/do-women-get-lighter-sentences-than-men/</li></ul>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 06:20:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267144857</guid>
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         <title>Having to pretend to be Gay to be Safe?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267181486</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>In the jounal article “The Perversions of Prison” (Haney, 2011) the work of Professor Sharon Dolovich and her analysis of the successfulness of the K6G Protective Unit at the Los Angeles County Jail is discussed. The main point that is raised is the question of the need for the K6G unit to protect vulnerable prisoners from the general prison population. Why do prisoners need protection from each other?<br><br></div><div><strong>“What is wrong with society in which ….. some of them try to desperately convince an officer they are gay…. risking long term stigmatisation”</strong> (Haney, 2011). <br><br></div><div>The existence of a unit like K6G is a “sad commentary” by prisons that cannot simply manage the safety of the prisoners in the general population. Professor Dolovich states the “fear of rape” motivates the men in prison to develop hyper masculine traits to avoid being raped themselves. The choice to be made is sometimes ugly and can be ultimately oversimplified as “raping or being raped”. </div><div>(Haney, 2011)</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-14 10:43:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267181486</guid>
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         <title>The “Ten Prison Commandments”</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267322950</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>It is interesting to find when searching for prison commandments that there are actually books written about this topic and ‘surviving prison’. A popular book called “The Ten Prison Commandments: The Ten Rules You Must Know before You Enter a County Jail, State or Federal Prison” is a guide to prison life written by John Doc Fuller an ex-prisoner. Some of the topics discussed are: “Why you should never stare at other inmates, what happens to Snitches, how you should treat staff, How to deal with prison gangs and Common prison slang” (Fuller, 2014).</div><div><br></div><h1>In another book also written by an ex-prisoner, William R. Conway “The Ten Prison Commandments: A Smart Guide for Surviving Prison”, describes the ten prison commandments in chapter titles as:</h1><ul><li>Thou shalt overcome depression, anger and stress.</li><li>Thou shalt understand the different inmate personalities</li><li>Thou shalt understand male correctional officers</li><li>Thou shalt never understand female correctional officers</li><li>Thou shalt maintain physical fitness</li><li>Thou shalt maintain a healthy diet with good nutrition</li><li>Thou shalt put God first (Religion and spirituality)</li><li>Thou shalt not be a dummy</li><li>Thou shalt not get sick (infections and disease)</li></ul><div>Bonus Chapters</div><ul><li>Thou shalt not grieve too long</li><li>Thou shalt remain calm</li></ul><div>(Conway, 2011)</div><div>These books are aimed at people who are going to jail to help them to prepare and survive in prison. Prison is meant to be a regulated institution so it is concerning to see that there is a need for these books and shows that prison environment is unsafe, dangerous and fragile, and out of control of the authorities. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 06:49:39 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Joking About Prison Rape</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267326840</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The article “Prison Rape is not a Punchline” (Curzer, 2016) also addresses the issue that rape in prison is considered a joking matter. Criminals are often seen by jurors as if they “deserve to be raped” (Curzer, 2016). Prison rape is a crime of power and is used to establish power hierarchy’s in the prison system. Not only does rape occur by fellow inmates, prisoners are often assaulted by staff as can be seen in this graphical representation. <br><a href="https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/prison-rape-not-punchline">https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/prison-rape-not-punchline</a></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 07:24:00 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267326840</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Hegemonic Masculinity and Hypermasculinity</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267348561</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Hypermasculintiy in prison culture is reflected in the social norms of the inmates and the way they behave. Values that express masculinity in the prison environment are described by (Karp, 2010) as: “emotional stoicism (wearing a mask), distrust (associations, not friendship), dominance (especially through violence or the threat of it), and stratification (especially by race and type of crime)” (Karp, 2010). Conformity to these norms is often considered necessary to prevent isolation and exploitation and maintain respect in the social order (de Viggiani, 2012). Described by an inmate as: ‘‘you’re either up there with the boys or you’re down there with the more timid weaker people. You’re either popular or you’re not. And if you’re not, you’re in for a hard time, you’re in for a rough ride. You’re either one of the boys or you ain’t.’’ (Chris) (de Viggiani, 2012). </div><div> </div><div>Support for inmates to help them reassess their hypermasculinity and reduce their criminality is often available in the forms of intervention programs. The Inside Circle Foundation and the Jericho Circle Project are innovative correctional programs in the US that provide weekly support circles and intensive experiential weekend experiences for inmates (Karp, 2010). <br><br>Iwamoto et al, (2012) discusses some of the effects of the pressure to adhere to these masculine norms. Referred to as masculine dysfunction strain theory, the results of these pressures result in negative health consequences, anxiety and depression (Iwamoto, et al., 2012). These prisoners experience a ‘double jeopardy’ and are stuck in a situation where they are unable to survive without ill effects on their mental health. <strong><br></strong><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 10:23:23 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Topic 10 – Masculinity in Prisons - 872 words</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267352198</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Men in prison are often required to conform to the hegemonic masculine or hypermasculine norms to be accepted in the general prison population and not be harmed, attacked or victimised. The social structural prison environment often determines the experience men face in prison and whether it is a positive or negative one. Rape in the prison system is viewed as a common occurrence to maintain masculinity and often trivialised by authorities. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 10:55:55 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267358393</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 11:55:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267358393</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>References</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267361733</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<ul><li>Conway, W. R. (2011). <em>The Ten Prison Commandments: A Smart Guide for Surviving Prison.</em> United States of America: AuthorHouse.</li><li>Curzer, M. (2016, February 24). Prison Rape is not a Punchline. <em>bitchmedia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/prison-rape-not-punchline</li><li>de Viggiani, N. (2012). Trying to be Something You are Not: Masculine Perfomances within a Prison Setting. <em>Men and Masculinities, 15</em>(3), 271 - 291. doi:10.1177/1097184X12448464</li><li>Fuller, J. D. (2014). <em>The Ten Prison Commandments: The Ten Rules You Must Know Before You Enter a County Jail, State Or Federal Prison.</em> Prison Coach Speaking LLC.</li><li>Haney, C. (2011). The Perversions of Prison: On the Origins of Hypermasculinity and Sexual Violence in Confinement. <em>American Criminal Law Review, 48</em>(121), 121 - 141.</li><li>Iwamoto, D. K., Gordon, D. M., Oliveros, A., Perez-Cabello, M. A., Brabham, T., Lanza, S. A., &amp; Dyson, W. (2012). The role of masculine norms and informal support on mental health in incarcerated men. <em>Psychology of Men and Masculintiy, 13</em>(3), 283 - 293. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.une.edu.au/10.1037/a0025522</li><li>Karp, D. R. (2010). Unlocking Men, Unmasking Masculinities: Doing Men;'s Work in Prison. <em>The Journal of Men's Studies, 18</em>(1), 63 - 83. </li><li>McMah, L., &amp; Palin , M. (2016, February 13). Jailhouse justice: A look at inmate society in Australian jails. <em>news.com.au</em>. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/jailhouse-justice-a-look-at-inmate-society-in-australian-jails/news-story/f14a395233ea83b6967c010b71102123</li><li>University of New South Wales. (2011, Aril 13). Sex in Australian prisons: the facts. <em>UNSW Sydney Newsroom</em>. Retrieved from https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/sex-australian-prisons-facts</li><li>Viliarreal, D. (2012, March 22). Welcome to Texas, prison rape capital of the U.S. <em>Dallas Voice</em>. Retrieved from https://www.dallasvoice.com/texas-prison-rape-capital-u-s-10105138.html</li></ul>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-15 12:29:42 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267361733</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267362583</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/289020637/eb8716c8d2f4390147f6a663790a382c/images.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-15 12:36:07 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Topic 11 – Women in Prison -  1008 Words</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478402</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Women in prison are a minority in comparison to men that are incarcerated. Often this results in the women being sidelined or forgotten about when it comes to the care, services and facilities that house women prisoners. The reasons women commit crimes in the first place are a lot different to men and often women need more help and support to return to normal lives in society. Women also different needs to men, especially related to health and reproduction, so a system based on men’s needs cannot be successful for women in prison. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 05:48:03 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Misrepresentation of Women’s Jails in Pop Culture</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478477</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Orange is the New Black is one of the most popular TV shows about women in prison. The portrayal of the women’s experiences in the prison system are glamorised and not factually accurate. The article “10 Things ‘Orange Is the New Black’ Gets Wrong About Prison” (Bozelko, 2014) lists some of the inaccuracies of real prison life that are dramatized for the viewer’s entertainment. </div><h1>“A former prisoner shares the reality of life in an Australian women’s prison” (Robin, 2016) is another article that compares prison realities to those in Orange is the New Black. Whilst she discusses there are some similarities, often there are many difficulties that women face in prison that go unnoticed or unheard. </h1><div>These shows are often seen as having a positive influence by raising awareness of the harsh reality of women behind bars.  This third article “The Proliferation of Female Inmates and How TV Made Us Care” (Pike, 2016), discusses how these TV shows highlight the societal issues that contribute to the prevalence of women in jails. This awareness of prison life encourages people to become “mobilized to work for fair treatment, reasonable sentencing, and support for both prisoners and their families” (Pike, 2016).</div><div>So any publicity of women’s experiences in prison will often have a positive outcome in aiming to reduce imprisonment and treat prisoners to be able to reform and reintegrate into normal society. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 05:50:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478477</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Women have different needs and Problems</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478616</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Because the population of women in prison is so much smaller than that of the male population, gender specific concerns regarding female prisoners are not viewed as a priority in policy development or staff training (Moloney, van den Bergh, &amp; Moller, 2009). Three main issues faced by women are:</div><ul><li>Women face more isolation than Men as they are more often rejected by family and community</li><li>Women are more likely to suffer more health problems and mental health issues</li><li>Women also require specific care relating to pregnancy, birthing, and parenting.</li></ul><div>(Nedim, 2016)</div><div><a href="https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/special-problems-faced-by-women-in-prison/">https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/special-problems-faced-by-women-in-prison/</a><br><br></div><div>One specific issue raised in the US is the supply of sanitary products for women in prison. This issue is a major issue that raises the question of how women are treated by society and the lack of care society places in the dignity or incarcerated women. </div><div>"Preventing us from getting something we absolutely need goes right to the heart of what prisons are -- a site of punishment, control and dehumanization," said Miyhosi Benton, a formerly incarcerated woman and current associate for the Women and Justice Project (Jeitsen, 2016). </div><div><a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/new-york-prisons-periods_us_576bfcade4b0b489bb0c901b">https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/new-york-prisons-periods_us_576bfcade4b0b489bb0c901b<br></a><br></div><div>Often structural facilities, security procedures, healthcare services, visitation guidelines and daily activities are derived from male models which may be inappropriate to the needs of women (Moloney, van den Bergh, &amp; Moller, 2009). </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 05:58:07 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Children in Prison</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478671</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There are many prison facilities across the world that allow for women to give birth and often raise their children in the prison environment.&nbsp;</div><div>In Australia there are few facilities and a very few number of children that live in the prison system. Children are only allowed to live with their mothers until they reach school age, at which they have to leave to attend school and live a normal life. Rebecca Merz, a psychologist at Jacaranda Cottage, a NSW facility says that “The early relationship affects everything in terms of how children view the world, other people, themselves,” (Jepsen, 2017) and emphasizes that this early bond is very important in life.&nbsp;<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br></div><div>Overseas many facilities house women inmates with their children until they are 18, and these children are never allowed to leave and see the outside world. There is great debate surrounding this and whether it is harmful for the children or beneficial to the mother and child as they are able to live together and form bonds inside prison (Jepsen, 2017).&nbsp;</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:00:36 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Women’s prison populations on the rise</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478724</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The numbers of women in prison has been continuously increasing over time. Between 2001 and 2012, the number of women in Australian and New Zealand prisons increased by 46.1% and 70.3%, respectively. This was significantly higher than the 29.7% and 39.6% increase in the Australian and New Zealand male prison population (Jeffries &amp; Newbold, 2016). This is represented by the ratio of female/male prisoners which has decreased as shown in the figure below. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br></div><div>Reasons for this increase discussed by Jeffries and Newbold (2016) suggest that changes in the criminal justice policies are more often resulting in more imprisonment and serious sentences for crimes being committed. Another reason given was that according to Gelb (2007) as “women’s crimes have become more violent, their representation in prisons has increased as serious crimes are more likely to attract a prison sentence than are non-violent crimes” (Jeffries &amp; Newbold, 2016). </div><div>The change in deviant behaviours by women has resulted in a larger increase in prion number when compared to men. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:03:20 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478750</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:04:05 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>The Circle of Prison Life</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478791</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Moloney, van den Bergh, &amp; Moller, (2009) and Easteal, (2001) both report on the circle of life women who are incarcerated face. This cycle of imprisonment is one which many women are unable to avoid once it begins and often do not survive. Trauma and dysfunction in childhood are often the causes of women turning to criminal behaviour in life. Moloney et al (2009) defines this trauma as being “correlated with mental and physical illness and dysfunction, maladaptive high-risk behaviours and socio-economic disadvantage which characterize imprisoned women” (Moloney, van den Bergh, &amp; Moller, 2009). </div><div> </div><div>The three unspoken rules <strong>“Don’t talk,” “Don’t trust,” and “Don’t feel”</strong> are typical of households that are characterised by dysfunction, abuse and addiction. These are reflected in the prison culture (Easteal, 2001).</div><div>This cycle of addiction and dysfunction shown in the diagram, is reproduced within the prison and can contribute to the woman’s return to drug use and violence on the outside, and influence further generations of children and family.  <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br></div><div>The article “When Mum Goes to Prison” (Carbonell, 2017) discusses first hand experiences and interviews women that have been to prison and have children. It talks about how these women had dysfunctional childhoods themselves and impact on their families and how the cycle of abuse enables reoffending by many. </div><div><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-23/when-mum-goes-to-prison-impact-of-jail-on-families/8583640">http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-23/when-mum-goes-to-prison-impact-of-jail-on-families/8583640</a></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:06:15 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478802</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/289020637/171963e3b8d81d8c843b8d341ce16e36/image.png" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:07:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478802</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267478862</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/08/women-in-jails-increasing-faster-than-men-vera-institute-justice/" />
         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:11:08 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>References</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267479275</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<ul><li>Bozelko, C. (2014, September 29). 10 Things 'Orange is he New Black' Gets Wrong About Prison (According to an Inmate). <em>Listverse</em>. Retrieved from https://listverse.com/2014/09/29/10-things-orange-is-the-new-black-gets-wrong-about-prison-according-to-an-inmate/</li><li>Carbonell, R. (2017, HJune 23). When Mum Goes to Prison. <em>ABC News</em>. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-23/when-mum-goes-to-prison-impact-of-jail-on-families/8583640</li><li>Easteal, P. (2001). Women in Australian Prisons: The cycle of Abuse and Dysfunctional Environments. <em>The Prison Journal, 81</em>(1), 87 - 112.</li><li>Jeffries, S., &amp; Newbold, G. (2016). Analysing Trends in the Imprisonment of Women in Australia and New Zealand. <em>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23</em>(2), 184 - 206. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2015.1035619</li><li>Jeitsen, M. (2016, June 24). Providing Free Pads And Tampons To Incarcerated Women Is About More Than Hygiene. <em>The Huffington Post</em>. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/new-york-prisons-periods_us_576bfcade4b0b489bb0c901b</li><li>Jepsen, B. (2017, December 5). Raised behind bars, cared for by criminals: what it’s like for children living in prison. <em>Mamamia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.mamamia.com.au/children-in-prison/</li><li>Moloney, K., van den Bergh, B., &amp; Moller, L. (2009). Women in prison: The central issues of gender characteristics and trauma history. <em>Public Health, 123</em>, 426 - 430. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2009.04.002</li><li>Nedim, U. (2016, January 19). Special Problems Faced by Women in Prison. <em>Sydney Criminal Lawyers</em>. Retrieved from https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/blog/special-problems-faced-by-women-in-prison/</li><li>Pike, S. (2016, May 22). The Proliferation of Female Inmates and How TV Made Us Care. <em>The Huffington Post</em>. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sarah-pike/the-proliferation-of-female-inmates-and-how-tv-made-us-care_b_7285794.html</li><li>Robin, J. (2016, October 7). A former prisoner shares the reality of life in an Australian women’s prison. <em>Mamamia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.mamamia.com.au/life-in-a-womens-prison/</li><li>Vongkiatkajorn, K. (2016, August 26). 4 Really Disturbing Ways Jail Is Much Worse for Women Than Men. <em>Mother Jones</em>. Retrieved from https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/08/women-in-jails-increasing-faster-than-men-vera-institute-justice/</li><li>Weaver, C., &amp; Cubbin, N. (2015, November 12). What life is really like inside a women’s prison. <em>Australian Woman's Weekly</em>. Retrieved from https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/real-life/what-life-is-really-like-inside-a-womens-prison-9104<br><br></li></ul>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:29:46 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>What do I think?</title>
         <author>arearde2</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/arearde2/b17wl9njnyd6/wish/267479494</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Personally these three topics are a good representation of the social gender expectations we place on people in everyday society. The stereotypes people develop regarding gender identities often result in a negative outcome as men and women are treated differently. When it come to the criminal justice system there should be equal responses to crime committed by either gender. This includes sentencing, prison facilities and standards. If the crimes are the same for men and women they should be treated in the same way. Sentencing should be standardised and not gender biased. </div><div><br></div><div>As far as support and help services go they should be based on the needs of the individual, which are often different for men and women. If they need support all available help should be provided to assist in rehabilitation and prevent reoffending, and medical and health needs should be responded to as necessary per gender. </div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2018-06-17 06:41:30 UTC</pubDate>
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