Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament 

Covenant – agreement
Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Himalayas cause the separation

India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River. 

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end)

invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today) 

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem) 

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

economy- organized way in which people produce, sell, and buy goods and services

reform-change, usually for the better

monastery- religious community where monks live and work

porcelain-type of ceramic ware that is made of fine clay and baked at high temperatures

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus

Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water. 

Quran- holy book of Islam. 

mosque- Muslim house of worship. 

bazaar- marketplace. 

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

*knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

*serf- peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble

clergy- religious officials , such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services

*theology- the study of religion and God

*scholasticism – medieval way of thinking that tried to bring together reason and faith in studies of religion

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith 

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism 

Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination- branches of Christianity

John Calvin-studied theology and challenged the Catholic Church by saying that God is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance