Ecosystem services: coastal protection, carbon sequestration, habitat for fish and marine biodiversity, support local fisheries and ecotourism

Human activities: coastal development, land reclamation, tourism, water pollution.

Management and conservation: protected areas (Tahura Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest), NGO and local communities conservation (mangrove replanting, education).

Current state: partially degraded

Challenges: conflict between conservation and tourism, pollution and waste management, limited coastal protection laws.

Global Natural Capital: The Amazon Rainforest

Ecosystem services: Carbon sequestration, climate regulation, regulation of rainfall, habitat for biodiversity, provides food, medicine, and raw materials.

Human activities: deforestation, logging, road construction

Management and conservation: protected areas and indigenous reserves (by governments). Conservation efforts by NGO and international organizations (WWF, Greenpeace)

Current state: serious threat

Challenges: weak enforcement of laws, economic pressure (agriculture).

Ecosystem Services: food, timber, fresh water --> flood control, air purification, carbon storage --> recreation, aesthetic value, inspiration

Human activities: urban development and transportation that reduces permeation/infiltration and also affects atmosphere

Management and conservation: local authority planning and community-level maintenance, campaigning/lobbying from locals

Current state: In-threat but moderately intact

Challenges: tensions between expansion and urbanization that leads to better economic growth/living conditions against keeping condition of nature

Global: Great Barrier Reef

Ecosystem services: biodiversity habitat, coastal protection, carbon cycling, fisheries, tourism and recreation

Human activities: climate change (coral bleaching), overfishing, coastal development, pollution and agricultural runoff

Management: Marine Protected Areas managed by the Australian government; zoning plans and regulations

Current state: under severe threat due to repeated mass bleaching events; ongoing monitoring and restoration efforts

Challenges: rising sea temperatures, water pollution, coral bleaching, balancing conservation with economic dependence on tourism and fishing

Services: freshwater, fisheries, recreational space, climate regulation

Human activities: pollution from industrial activities

Management: Indonesian government

Current state: slowly shifting from severly to lightly polluted

Initiatives: Citarum harum

Global example of natural capital is Coral triangle

Ecosystem services: food security through fisheries, coastal protection through mangroves/reefs, carbon sequestration, and tourism.

Human activites: boating, carbon causes bleaching

Managment & initiative to protect: Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security

Current state: severe threat

Ecosystem services: habitat that's rich in marine biodiversity, food resource that supports artisanal and commercial fisheries, and provides significant economic value through Eco-tourism

Human Activities: overfishing, habitat destruction (dynamite/cyanide fishing), coral bleaching through pollution

Current state: generally good due to remoteness

Management: Managed by the UPTD BLUD Kelautan dan Perikanan (Regional Public Service Agency) and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)

Challenges: difficult to prevent illegal poaching and manage waste generated by tourism

Global: Maasai Mara National Reserve (Kenya)

Ecosystem service: habitat for biodiversity, grasslands act as carbon sink and regulates local moisture cycles, supports livelihood of local community through conservancies and international tourism (cultural + economic factor)

Human activities: conversion of wild grasslands into agricultural land for farming, illegal hunting of animals (poaching), excessive livestock grazing from surrounding settlements

Current state: severely threatened

Management: Protected by Narok County Government and private Community Conservancies. Supported by Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and international NGOs like WWF

Challenges: Human-wildlife conflict (lions attacking livestock/elephants raiding crops) and economic dependance on non-stable tourism market

Ecosystem services: Coral reef

Human Activites: scuba Diving, snorkelling, coral mining, blast fishing, cyanide fishing

Management: UNESCO and support from WWF

Current state: suffered slow degradation

Ecosystem services: Coral reef

Human Activites: scuba Diving, snorkelling, coral mining, blast fishing, cyanide fishing

Management: UNESCO and support from WWF

Current state: suffered slow degradation

Global Example:

In Indonesia, rice fields (sawah) are an example of local natural capital because they directly support nearby communities. They provide food, employment, and income for local farmers, and help ensure food security at a community and national level.

Global natural capital (Indonesia): Tropical Rainforests

Indonesia’s tropical rainforests are an example of global natural capital because they absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide. This helps regulate the global climate and supports biodiversity that benefits scientific research and ecosystems worldwide.