At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher explained how to make an effective lesson? I understood from the lesson that there are several reasons for this such as the teacher's movements and voice in the classroom, the teacher's expertise in the subject, using technology in different ways, creating dialogue among students, being able to control his work and class, the teacher should be loud and low, the design of the slides is important, time management, eye contact.

Later, some of the teaching methods were discussed and what was important to me were some of the ways that were mentioned including:

·       Seminar; It is to introduce new ideas and is presented between 15 to 20 minutes. Seminars are not like lectures, they must be within your field, and you will discuss a topic. It must be stated in general terms, and you must not go into details.

·       Written assignment; You must give the student complete information about the assignment, explain the structure, give him references to see how much time he is looking for information, explain how much time you give the student, if all these are there will be good results and good outcomes.

·       Laboratory; It is a great way because it works on the principle of learning by doing.

·       Graduation project; The role of the teacher is very important here. How much does he help his students? not do the work for him but show him the way.

·       Workshops; Someone explains a topic and the audience listens. In general, the person should define the main goals and objectives of the workshop. Make a plan to divide your time among the topics you will discuss. In the end, you will have different outcomes depending on the goal.

·       Fish- bowel learning; Students are divided into two groups. The first group, called (inner circle) and discuss the topic. The second group is called (audience), only a listener and does not argue. This method involves four students entering the debate and the students around them only writing notes. After a while, one student leaves and a new one enters. This approach was very interesting to me because it is completely student-centered and the student's role is very active, and it forces the students to listen carefully and participate in the discussion.

·       Authentic learning; It means real learning, that is, making the student create a real reality for learning. For example, a scientific trip where students see things in reality is very beneficial because they learn more about their department.

After the teacher explained each of these methods, each group discussed a teaching method that we liked through seminars.

·       Class project; What I understood from this approach was that the main idea of ​​this method is learning by doing and learning by living together. The principles of the project were several things (having a goal, freedom of choice in the subject, be realistic, beneficial for students). This approach consisted of several steps (providing a context for choosing the topic, choosing the project, having a plan to implement the project). What was important to me here was that the student learns to teach himself, it makes the student active, it creates competition for information, he can answer all the questions of modern society. Like every other method, this one had advantage and disadvantage. The advantages are that it is completely student-centered, students learn responsibility and can be self-reliant. However, this method is not for all departments good method and requires a lot of money and time.

·       Exchange students; What I understand is that this is institutional program that allows students to exchange between two countries. There are two types (short-learn exchange program, long-learn exchange program). This has some advantages and disadvantages, one of the advantages is that the student is introduced to a new culture. The learner will learn a new language, learn to be self-reliant and may be given the opportunity to stay when they graduate. However, the learner may experience some problems, such as financial crisis, may be alienated by the new culture.

·       Role-play; It is an effective way to provide students with the opportunity to learn new things through acting. The teacher's role here is to set a scenario for the students to play. It is an enjoyable approach because it is playful and can be used by adults and children. As always, there are advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are (students are less afraid and increase their self-confidence, they have the ability to solve problems, they have very good creativity, it doesn't cost much). There are some obstacles in this path, because it requires an expert with expertise in role playing and scripting, and it takes a lot of time for the learning process.

·       Field trips; In groups, students take a trip to learn something. This approach was effective for me because the student has direct contact with the subjects, strengthens social skills, activates learning skills. There are two types (nature, culture). The advantages are that students love to study more because they see things realistically and are able to understand more. The disadvantages are that it is expensive and difficult to control so many students.

·       Timeline; Here he puts all the events that are happening on a timeline. The importance of this method is that when a student wears an item, he forgets it quickly, but if it is done in a timeline, it will remain in his mind, and it will concentrate the student's abilities.

·       Photographs; Photos have a strong effect on the human brain. If we remember only 10% of things by hearing, we will remember 65% if they are accompanied by photos. There are several types (life-style photography, product, fine art, documentary, portrait). This approach was important to me because photos stay in the mind a lot, and you remember the feelings that happened during the shooting.

personal learning environment (PLE)

It covers everything that leads to learning, and you can assess it at any time, as in technology applications (google classroom). Each application can create a perfect environment for student learning.

Characteristics of Effective Learning Environments

In my opinion, all these things affect the environment you create: 

1. Students ask questions and have questions.

2. Ideas come from different opinions.

3. Does the method include all teaching methods?

4. personal learning environment is very important here.

5. Assessment will be natural and not to punish the student but to succeed.

6. How do you assess the student in the exam?

7. Do you make any changes or keep it as it is.

 

Teaching strategies to keep the class interesting:

1. It should be interesting and not just talk.

2. Link lessons to the student's real life.

3. The other party must have an opinion and the matter must not be one-sided.

4. Using technology.

Techniques for motivated learners:

1. Direct the class to ask questions.

2. Have rewards such as grades.

3. Always thank someone for knowing something.

4. There should be a good relationship between students and teachers. That is, the student should be comfortable and not feel that the teacher is watching him.

·       There were very important issues in this section that I understood were:

Why do we assess?

1. To help the educational process.

2. We have evidence for it.

3. Certificates are awarded on the basis of learning.

4. How much knowledge has the student acquired?

·       What do we assess?

Assessment should be based on several main criteria such as (knowing, doing, being)

·       For a good assessment, it must have several characteristics:

1. Reliability, distinguish between levels, the questions should be difficult, medium and light.

2. Validity, should the assessment for knowledge and skill except for knowing.

3. Educational impact, are you assess for the learning outcome or something else?

 

·       When do we assess?

Here the timing of the assessment determines the type of assessment

1- Summative, at the end of the course in order to see how much knowledge and skills the student has acquired.

2. Formative, this type is done throughout the course.

3. Self and peer, how does the student evaluate himself?

·       Pedagogical change in assessment:

1. It aims to improve the educational process.

2. Previously, testing was the only way to assess, but now different methods are used.

3. Assessment as a process was done only by the teacher, but now the student is also involved.

4. Previously, assessment was only done in class, but now it focuses more on real life.

After all this, the teacher explained the types of assessment. What I understood was that there are many ways to assess such as, (diagnostic, formative, summative, confirmative, norm-referenced, criterion- referenced, ipsative assessment, interim/benchmark).

·       Assessment techniques:

1- direct assessment, such as quiz, presentation, academic report, project, teamwork, workshop, paper exam.

2- indirect assessment, such as questionary.

·       Then the teacher gave us each group type of direct assessment to see the advantages and disadvantages from the teacher and student perspective, our group got a (quiz) and what I talked about was this:

·       Advantages of daily quizzes for students:

1. In order to let students improve and identify her/his knowledge in a short period of time.

2. It's important for attendance.

3.Important for students' behavior and self-confidence.  

4. Students tend to actually read the material.

5. Students show up for class on time since the quiz always comes first.

6. Students are places in the right attitude for learning.

7. Students feel more confident to discuss the material.

8.Students raise their grades by simply reading the material.

9. The start of class is signaled.

10. The quiz provides a good lead-in for either a lecture or discussion of the material.

11. The easy chance to do well gives students a feeling of self-esteem.

12. Students can learn a lot from her/his mistakes.

·       Disadvantages of daily quizzes for students:

1. If they don't attend the class, they loss mark.

2. They become hopeless if they get less mark.

·       Advantages of daily quizzes for teachers:

1.  The main reason teachers quiz students is to measure student learning and growth (increased understanding and/or skill).

2. In this way, the teacher can know how much the students understand the lesson and also can know in which part they did not understand the material.

3. The teacher can evaluate the level of students daily.

·       Disadvantages of daily quizzes for teachers:

1. Takes a lot of time from their class.

2. A teacher may give grades to students unfairly.