Bix, A. S. (1997). Experiences and Voices of Eugenics Field-Workers: 'Women's Work' in Biology. Social Studies of Science, 27(4), 625–668.

https://doi.org/10.1177/030631297027004003

Cook, S. D. (1996). Technological revolutions and the Gutenberg myth. InternetDreams: Archetypes, Myths, and Metaphors, 67-82.

Light, J. S. (1999). When Computers Were Women. Technology and Culture, 40(3), 455–483. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1999.0128

Hellawell, P. (2020). “The best and most practical philosophers”: Seamen and the authority of experience in early modern science. History of Science, 58(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275319842425

Artifact1:https://youtu.be/yeikqw0kyqI?si=Zp-ZQ1ttoy-ZE329

Artifact2:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg/images-videos#/media/1/249878/67483

Artifact3:Middle English Texts Series gets a boost from NEH - Medievalists.net

Artifact4:http://www.newworldexploration.com/explorers-tales-blog/life-at-sea-in-the-16th-century

Artifact5:https://youtu.be/bmSoQOebWyM?si=OeJExiWhIaMuq7-W

Artifact6:Found In The Archives: America's Unsettling Early Eugenics Movement: The Picture Show : NPR

Artifact7:Programming the ENIAC: an example of why computer history is hard - CHM

Artifact8:https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/programing-the-eniac-vonNeumanns2.jpg

Artifact9:National Urban League | History, Definition, & Facts | Britannica

Artifact10:https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/102804983-03-01-acc.jpg

The appearance of printing has been celebrated as a major step in the advancement of technology and the development of Western civilization (Cook, 1996). In the early 1500s, with the birth of printing, concerns were first raised about the possible effects of the new technology, although they were both developed in China and Europe at similar periods, the high cost of both the bamboo paper used in China and the special parchment used in Europe at the time made the book itself an expensive luxury available only to the aristocratic elite. Moreover, most of the books initially printed in both countries were designed to mimic the style of handwritten books as closely as possible. 

Another idea that took place at the time was the privatization of knowledge and the deep-rooted class system influenced the society at that time, despite the spread of printing in Europe in the late 17th century, the illiteracy rate was 80% and was linked to class and gender (Cook, 1996). Stereotypes were imposed on some professions that were considered low-level at the time. For example, seamen, although some experts at the time pointed out that they generally possess a reserve of navigation knowledge that far exceeds that of ordinary people, it was still interpreted as "there are certain levels within Seamen", and even the very few individuals who are recognized as "Expert Seamen", It was also difficult to receive equal treatment at the Royal Society academic seminar at that time (Hellawell, 2020).

At the beginning of the 20th century, affected by World War and the society at that time, people began to believe that there were differences between different races. Some newly born inventions and theories were gradually popularized, trying to control the people through various methods to achieve the purpose of improving the level of the city.

Eugenics is a set of theories trying to improve human genetic advantages by limiting or excluding certain genetic traits from reproduction. In the early 20th century, countries, mainly the United States and Germany, believed that whites or Aryans were inherently superior to other racial groups. In the United States, work centred on the Eugenics Record Office (ERO) gained widespread public interest at that time. Between 1910 and 1924, 258 ERO field workers "travelled across the country, gathering and classifying data on physical, mental and social traits in individuals, families, and locales." However, even then it was not recognized as a new scientific discipline, they were also expected to persuade state officials to support eugenic research, making eugenics part of a political tool that also represented gender and racial discrimination. A considerable number of political nativists and racists dominated NRO proceedings, influencing the consideration of the 'model sterilization statute' in 1919 (Bix,1997), which indirectly led to the forced sterilization of a large number of women with African and Gypsy ancestry.

A similar situation occurred during World War II, with the creation of the first Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). Its initial functions required a large number of human resources to maintain its operation, and nearly two hundred young women are maintaining the normal operation as "human computers", ironically, their contribution and media image were completely weakened or even not correctly evaluated, reflecting the society's neglect and weakening of female workers at that time. It reflects ” A distorted history of technological development that has rendered women’s contributions invisible and promoted a diminished view of women’s capabilities in this field.”(Light,1999).

As time came to the end of the 20th century, some groups began to realize that the birth of new technologies might bring opportunities across classes for some groups. For example, Since the racial prejudice that still exists after the war makes most traditional companies unwilling to provide jobs to blacks, computer-related industries have become opportunities for blacks to become elites. Black-related media began to publish publications that covered Black life, with its highs and lows and were also sharing stories of burgeoning computer systems and the heroic experts who were building modern America (Abbate, 2022). As black computer practitioners, they represent "restricted expression, identity, and information circulation in their predominantly white middle-class lives" and have developed an online community exclusive to the black group in an attempt to promote Black education through their own abilities. , culture, expression, and freedom (Abbate, 2022).