At times the eye of the heavens shines too feverently and sometimes its golden complexion fades. All of which is beautifully finished by stripping of the beauty, the degradation, either by accident, or by the changing times of nature.

But your eternal summer will not whither and will not be robbed of its graces. Death will not brag when which you wander under his shade, as you will grow in the future towards eternity. 

Such as men will breathe and as the eyes can see, this is to live and to give life. 

You are much more kind and more pleasant: the winds blow the sweet buds of May,

And the summer ends before we can even start it:

At times, the sun throws his hot rays,

Or hides his golden face under the mist;

And everything that is beautiful one day is over,

It being by an accident or by its own nature;

However your endless summer never extinguishes,

Neither it loses the freshness that only you have;

Not even death will come drag you under the shadow,

When the verses raise you to eternity:

While humanity is able to breathe and see,

My chant will live, and it will make you alive.

You are more radiant and temperate:

Intense winds shake the gentle buds of May

And the course of summer has too short a life

Sometimes too fiery the eye of the heavens shines

And often his face of gold clouds 

And everything beautiful sometimes disconnects

Bare from the case or the changing course of nature

But your eternal summer must never fade

Nor lose possession of the beauty that you have

Nor shall death praise that you are in its shade

Because time will oppose your eternity

As long as we can breathe or eyes will see

This verse will have light and give you life

 You are well more radiant and gentle:

Furious winds shake the tender gems of May and the summer’s course lives too short.

 

Sometimes the blazing sun shines on the eye of heaven and often its golden face grows dim and at times from beauty its comes off, stripped from the possibility or the unstable course of nature.

 

But your eternal summer will not fade or lose possession of the beauty that you have, nor death to boast that you travel in its shadow, because at times you will counteract your eternity:

As longs as there is a breath or eyes to see these verses it will be the light that will give you life

 

You are more lovely and gentle. 

The buds of May tremble through the winds 

and the summer is short and does not last long at all. 

 

At times the eye of the sun shines too bright 

and at other times the complexion of gold goes dark; 

All beauty soon declines, 

Wrinkled by luck or because of time.

 

But your summer will be eternal.

You will not lose your grace, neither will death 
boast of overshadowing your steps

 

When you grow in your immortal verses. 

You will live while someone sees and feels 

And this will live, giving you life. 

Sometimes, too hot does the sky’s eye shine and often his face of gold is darkened and every beauty diminishes, stripped from the case, from nature’s everchanging course. But your eternal summer need not fade nor lose possession of the beauty that you have; nor death boast that you are vague in his shadow, because time counteracts your eternity: Until there be breath or eyes to see, these verses will have light and with them, a life you will be given. 

And by chance 

Cold in the dish 

Growing late

 

The pear is a fruit 

Burnt offering 

To life, like 

A breast exhausted

 

Among bananas

Extraneous

And apples, candid

 

Ruddy, content 

The poor pear:

Who brings it to be?"

This is a poem by a famous Brazilian artist called Vinicius de Moraes. It talks about a pear, and how it is in a vase with bananas and apples, but the deep meaning of this poem is that people are different and sometimes excluded from society by being different. The text is translated to the literal way, it has no poetry to it, as it exists in Portuguese, and it makes the sense of difference disappear. In this translation it is a crude and direct shift to english, the translator didn't perhaps understand the meaning of the poem, or rather the meaning behind it.

-Bruna Zucchi

How did translation play a role in Canon Formation?  What books were included, and how were they selected?  How should the translators approach these translations in order to respect the writing and culture fairly?

ANSWER:

Translation played a role in Canon Formation originally because there were texts from Western cultures that were not representing other cultures fairly.  The books that were included were all European/Western books that either represented their society or their views on other societies. For example, Catcher in the  Rye by J.D. Salinger, Shakespeare's works, and "Lord of the Flies." They were selected unfairly by Herald Bloom based upon the most valuable western books to their society based on his educated British perspective.  The translators approach translation fairly by making sure that they are using works that were originally written by people indigenous to these cultures and using the texts to get a deeper insight about these cultures. They not only worry about how they are translating, but also what they are translating to make sure that they do not unfairly represent an entire culture to the rest of the outside word. For example, if they translate a violent text from a culture, people are going to think that entirety of that country is extremely violent as well.

ADAPTATION QUESTION:

How is adaptation different from translation?  How do foreignization and domestication play into adaptation?  How do you make sure your adaptation stays true to the original text?

 

Domestication v. Foreignization of a text – Compare and contrast “domestication and foreignization” of a text and what obstacle does cultural appropriation create when translating a text? Give an example of cultural appropriation in a text. – ANSWER: Domestication of a text adapting the text from a foreign culture, making it more relatable and heightening the fluency for the target audience. Foreignization of a text is sticking to the original and keeping the source culture in the text. Cultural appropriation creates the obstacle of taking elements from the source culture and generalizing traditional aspects of the culture for the audience. Cultural appropriation in the Chinese ghost stories and how they kept the city, pronouns, and places the same. 

What is Translationese? What may be some reasons that translationese occurs? How can it be spotted or fixed? Give an example of when this may have occurred in real life. 

History of translation studies as a discipline:

Translation studies as a discipline is relatively young compared to other fields of study. Why do you think this is? Give some examples of how we got to where we are now and where we need to go in the future of the field? 

Answer: Translation studies hasn’t ever really fallen into a clear place. People have been unable to figure out where it belongs: whether it is a subfield of linguistics, language and literature, compatrative literature, philosophy or religion, etc. As a result of this confusion, it has never really been claimed by any larger discipline. Therefore, there has been a lag in development and research since no one knows what to do with it. Andres’ essay defines translation studies as a field from 1978. In his essay, he proposes we treat translation studies as a sort of science. Because of this essay, we have begun to find a way to put together a science or formula for making a good translation. Since that time, there has been an explosion of research talking about people in their fields of research.