Honey Mushroom (Armillariella mellea) by Marisa Coviello

Honey Mushroom (Armillariella mellea) by Marisa Coviello https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7 Characteristics of a Life Part IV en-us 2020-10-05 00:44:59 UTC 2021-01-24 00:18:58 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f344.png Homeostasis mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801507039 -A Duck's feet and legs play a very important role

-Duck's are both endo and ectotherms

-The arteries and veins in the webbed feet help retain heat by working together

-Arteries push warm blood into the feet and the blood vessels push cooler blood out keeping a constant circulation

-In the colder months the blood vessels in the duck's feet constrict to slow the circulation of warm blood

-To adapt to below freezing temperatures duck's will stand on one leg to retain as much heat as possible

-When it is hotter out, to release heat ducks will stand or swim in water that is colder than their body temperature
Reference: https://www.ducks.org/conservation/waterfowl-research-science/webbed-wonders

]]> 2020-10-05 01:04:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801507039 Heredity mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801543647 All ducks have...
-Webbed feet
-No nerves or blood vessels in the feet
-Oil producing gland that makes feathers waterproof
-Average height: 20-26 in
-14,000-20,000 feathers
-Average weight: 1-3 lbs
-Shorter necks and wings than any other waterfowl species

Reference: https://kidskonnect.com/animals/duck/#:~:text=Their%20webbed%20feet%20act%20like,located%20near%20the%20duck's%20tail.]]> 2020-10-05 01:25:30 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801543647 Metabolism mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801640881 Omnivore
Eats: a variety of small organisms, worms, snails, small fish etc.
seeds, nuts, and berries
land and aquatic plants
-Ducks use their beaks to grab and swallow food, they will if in water dive their head in to retrieve it
-Wild ducks eat about 6-7 oz per day
Reference:
https://www.mossyoak.com/our-obsession/blogs/waterfowl/duck-diet-best-foods-for-ducks#:~:text=Depending%20on%20the%20duck%2C%20they,%2C%20seeds%2C%20grains%2C%20berries%20and]]> 2020-10-05 02:21:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801640881 Reproduction mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801651735 Sexual reproduction
-Male and female are needed
-Male duck's sperm is injected into the female's oviduct
-The gestation period of a female duck is approx. 28-35 days
-A mother duck will sit on her eggs anywhere from 20-23 hours with multiple hour breaks during
-When she is not sitting on the eggs she will cover them with down to protect them and keep them warm
Reference:
https://sciencing.com/ducks-mate-4569594.html]]> 2020-10-05 02:28:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801651735 Cell Structure mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801661577 Multi-celled organisms
Body Systems:
Integumentary

Reproductive system
-Unique to the duck: the skilled ability to exert a great amount of force from the tip of the bill to consume food
-The eukaryotic cell structure of a duck includes some of the common characteristics of human cells, a nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi body and lysosomes
-Unique to the duck cell is the plasma membrane, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and microfilaments
Reference: http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body-systems/

]]> 2020-10-05 02:34:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/801661577 Heredity (II) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896175541 -Most are unicellular, some multicellular
-Usually have biflagellate gametes. This means during sexual reproduction two gametes were fused together and are flagellated which allows them to be mobile.
-Cell wall is composed of two layers. Inner layer is made of cellulose and outer layer is made of pectin.
-Main component of cell wall is Glucosamine
-Depending on the Chlorophyta, can have prokaryotes or eukaryotes
-Contain Chlorophylls A and B. Chlorophylls A and B are the two major pigments involved in photosynthesis

References:
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlorophyta#Cell_Structure_and_Metabolism

]]> 2020-11-05 23:00:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896175541 Metabolism (II) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896206675 -Most Chlorophyta is autotrophic meaning it uses photosynthesis to make its own food and produce starch
-Starch is used as a storage nutrient in the protist
-An example of heterotrophic Chlorophyta is a Polytoma
-Photoautotrophic nutrition is found in green algae as a result of Chlorophyta
-Absorbs nutrients 4-6 times faster than slow growing, complex Phaeophyta (brown algae)
References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/chlorophyta
http://shigen.nig.ac.jp/algae_tree/ChlorophytaE.html#:~:text=The%20Chlorophyta%20includes%20unicellular%2C%20colonial,soil%2C%20bark%20etc.).]]> 2020-11-05 23:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896206675 Reproduction (II) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896227097 -Sexually and asexually
Asexual:
-Fission > Division of an entity into two or more parts
-Fragmentation > An organism is split into fragments
-Zoospores > Uses a flagellum to move, created by the protist to propagate itself
Sexually:
-Isogamous > Form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar shape and size
-Anisogamous > Form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of different shape and size
-Oogamous > Sexual reproduction by the fusion of mobile male and immobile female gametes

References:
https://www.britannica.com/science/isogamy
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/]]> 2020-11-05 23:33:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896227097 Homeostasis (II) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896251330 -Algae> unicellular protists evolved from Chlorophyta
-They maintain homeostasis by producing their own food, making their own energy, and by diffusing carbon dioxide and oxygen at different times
-Chlorophyta's use photosynthesis to make their own food, and obtain starch from photosynthesis
-Adapted to shallow water and live in both marine and freshwater habitats
-To survive in these environments they may for symbiotic relationships with with fungi or in rare instances, animals

References:
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlorophyta
http://www.biomara.org/schools/Lesson%202%20-%20how%20algae%20grow.pdf]]> 2020-11-05 23:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/896251330 Heredity (III) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984399531 -This green perennial vine is a hanging plant that grows into long strings
-Coming off of the stems are small, green, banana shaped pods which hold the seeds that allow it to flower
-These banana shaped pods are about 3/4 of an inch long
-This plant can reach up to 36 inches if in the right conditions]]> 2020-12-03 16:21:17 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984399531 Homeostasis (III) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984401498 -The string of bananas plant is native to drier parts of South Africa
-The banana shaped leaves of the plant store excess water for later use
-The leaves small surface area protects it from dry, arid climates and reduces evaporation of its water
-In exchange, the plant has a small translucent strip along its leaves that allows sunlight in for photosynthesis
-The plants are able to tolerate high heat and warm temperatures but will not survive in frost or full sun
-In order to keep the plant healthy, it should be watered every 2-3 weeks, allowing the soil to dry before the next watering
-The plant is impartial to phototropism and grows downwards no matter what
Reference:
https://www.joyusgarden.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-growing-a-string-of-bananas-houseplant/#:~:text=It's%20hard%20to%20say%20exactly,go%20dry%20for%20too%20long.]]> 2020-12-03 16:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984401498 Metabolism (III) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984402828 -This plant uses photosynthesis to grow and survive
-It needs partial sunlight in the hotter months, or indoor/porch filtered sunlight
-The plant cannot survive in full sun all of the time
-The plant does not need a lot of water and its soil should stay relatively dry in between each watering, these plants are very drought tolerant
-Well-draining soil is best
-Overwatering can cause the plants leaves to burst, as that is where it stores its water
Reference:
https://succulentplantcare.com/string-of-bananas-senecio-radicans-care-propagation-toxicity/]]> 2020-12-03 16:21:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984402828 Reproduction (III) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984403904 -The String of Bananas is a propagator
- To reproduce an indoor String of Bananas plant:
-Cut a string of the plant at least four inches long
-Allow the end of the stem to prune
-Remove the plant leaves on the end of the stem and plant it into soil
- The plant is very fast growing and the roots will take hold of the soil and the plant will begin to grow in two weeks
-These succulents can shoot out roots from any part of the stem that touches the soil
-Keep the cuttings most by misting once every few days
-The String of Bananas is an annual plant
Reference:
https://gardenbeast.com/senecio-rowleyanus-guide/#:~:text=Propagating%20Senecio%20Rowleyanus%20is%20extremely,growth%20in%20about%20two%20weeks.]]> 2020-12-03 16:22:09 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984403904 Cellular Organization (III) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984409018 Genus: Curio
-These plants belong to at least eight different monocot plant families
-The S. Radicans gets its green color from chloroplasts along the outer walls of its leaves
-Depending upon its exposure to water, its veins can change from a green to a blue color
-The leaves and veins of this plant function through phloem
-The cell walls of the plant are thin and allow small nutrient molecules to pass through
References:
https://coronacactus.com/products/senecio-herrianus
https://laidbackgardener.blog/tag/senecio-radicans/

]]> 2020-12-03 16:23:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/984409018 Homeostasis (IV) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117612353 -The Honey Mushroom mainly grows at the base of oak trees, but can also grow on most broadleaf trees
-It can grow on both dead and alive plants
-The mushroom grows best in forests and prefers a moist environment
-The earliest time these mushrooms can grow is in July but most commonly appear in September and October
-Grow in dense clusters
-It is considered the largest and oldest organism on planet earth and covers hundreds of thousands of square meters in the Malheur Nation Forest in Oregon
REFERENCES:
https://www.mssf.org/cookbook/honey.html

https://www.ediblewildfood.com/honey-mushroom.aspx#:~:text=Honey%20mushrooms%20are%20parasitic%20on,They%20prefer%20forest%20settings.]]> 2021-01-23 23:17:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117612353 Cell Organization (IV) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117612584 -The stalk of the mushroom are white when young, and turn yellowish-brown as they mature
-The stem is thicker at the top rather than the base
-They have rhizomorphs, also called mycelial cords that bring in nutrients and spread the mushroom's poison
-The gills are short and close together; run underneath the cap of the mushroom and partially down it
-The fungus is multi-cellular and its cell walls are rigid and tough
-Similar to the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes, the mushroom has a steroid called Ergosterol" REFERENCES:
https://www.mushroomexpert.com/armillaria_mellea.html

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/24%3A_Fungi/24.1%3A_Characteristics_of_Fungi/24.1B%3A_Fungi_Cell_Structure_and_Function

]]> 2021-01-23 23:17:41 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117612584 Metabolism (IV) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613000 -The Honey Mushroom is a decomposer and parasite to living trees
-They also feed on dead plants
-Their roots digest the nutrients of decaying wood with enzymes
-The mushrooms can suck up their food through their stalk in tube structures called mycelia
-In order for the mushroom to have a supply of energy that it stores in its cap, the fungus feeds on dead plants approximately twice per week
REFERENCES:
https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/honey-fungus.html#sthash.KEZQO2MI.dpbs

]]> 2021-01-23 23:18:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613000 Reproduction (IV) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613077 -The Honey Mushroom is able to reproduce sexually and asexually
-The fungus produces spores that are carried by the wind and are spread
-The single fertilized spore grows threadlike filaments of cells to form the mushroom
-From the fertilized spore cordlike bundles called rhizomorphs that form a network underneath the soil that absorb nutrients from decaying trees and roots
-Honey Mushroom's though less common can grow root-like outgrowths that spread through forest soil to nearby trees
REFERENCES:
https://www.waterwereld.nu/honingzwameng.php

https://www.britannica.com/science/Armillaria#:~:text=Most%20species%20are%20found%20on,long%2C%20cordlike%20bundles%20called%20rhizomorphs.]]> 2021-01-23 23:18:29 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613077 Heredity (IV) mcoviello2 https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613145 Family Tricholomataceae
-This is a potentially edible mushroom
-Common appearance is a yellow-brown cap with sticky hair-like scales and off white gills
-The cap is normally 5-15 cm in diameter
-Bioluminescent, this means the mushroom's gills glow in the dark but are not visible to the human eye
-The stem is a brownish white and is commonly 5-15 mm in diameter and 6-15 cm in length
-It is also common for the mushroom to have a pale yellow ring on its stem and it helps distinguish the mushroom from others
REFERENCES:
http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Edible_Plants_Ramer_Silver_Weizmann/Pages/spp_page_Armillariella_mellea.html
https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/armillaria-mellea.php]]> 2021-01-23 23:18:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcoviello2/av88uquq9h6i4fy7/wish/1117613145