Must know info about Week 1 topics by

alaranang — 2025-07-31 05:30:01 UTC

Post a must know info about either of the following: Specimen Collection, Hematology Routine Procedures, Automation.

Deadline: 5 pm July 31, 2025

Plus 1 point in the post test.

2025-07-31 05:35:47 UTC

Rule of three only works when the cell is normocytic and normochromic.

2025-07-31 05:35:58 UTC

Collection of blood via butterfly set with light blue top (Sodium citrate):

A discard tube must be used (Plain; Red top) to ensure the proper anticoagulant-to-blood ratio, because the tubing contains 0.5mL of air which will affect the ratio.

2025-07-31 05:36:31 UTC

in dermal puncture, the depth should not exceed 2mm

2025-07-31 05:37:54 UTC

The use of EDTA for platelet count can cause “platelet satellitosis”. This can be corrected by using sodium citrate.

norinemaigting — 2025-07-31 05:38:24 UTC

Hemoglobin forms that are incapable of

oxygen transport include: Carboxyhemoglobin and

Methemoglobin

2025-07-31 05:38:33 UTC

Orthogonal/Side light scatter (90°): Degree of internal complexity including granularity.

- Tanael, Sec 5

2025-07-31 05:38:49 UTC

The depth of a Neubauer counting chamber is 0.1 mm - Lim, Sofia (Sec 8)

2025-07-31 05:38:50 UTC

Prussian blue is used to stain iron and Wright stains are for peripheral blood smear

2025-07-31 05:38:58 UTC

reference method for measuring hemoglobin: cyanmethemoglobin method

jeremygravoso — 2025-07-31 05:39:06 UTC

Electrical Impedance determines the general cell type based on the cell size and cannot further identify it based on cellular complexity.

lavitatekick — 2025-07-31 05:39:15 UTC

Order of draw for microcollection tubes:

CBGs

Blood Smear

Lavender EDTA

Green heparin tubes

Gray EDTA

Gold, red serum tubes, amber

-Fabianne Villafuerte

2025-07-31 05:39:25 UTC

In hemacytometer, cells that touch the top and left lines

should be counted.

2025-07-31 05:39:25 UTC

WBC and RBC pipettes could be differentiated through their bulb size, where WBC pipette has a smaller bulb compared to the RBC pipette, the bead color (white for WBC and red bead for RBC pipette), and the calibration, wherein 11 is the highest calibration of WBC pipettes while 101 for RBC pipettes.

olorosisimohansezekiel — 2025-07-31 05:39:37 UTC

Forward Scatter: Cell Size (Olorosisimo, Sec 5)

2025-07-31 05:39:48 UTC

One way to resolve platelet satellitosis (due to EDTA anticoagulant) is to recollect the blood sample using a sodium citrate tube. The results obtained should then be multiplied by 1.1

2025-07-31 05:39:55 UTC

size of blood drop in PBS 2-3mm -Taguinod, Sec4

2025-07-31 05:40:00 UTC

Electrical Impedance must be done with sources of error in mind: protein build up and carry over of cells

2025-07-31 05:40:32 UTC

A peripheral blood smear should have 2/3 to 3/4 the length of the slide and finger shaped. When the slide is held up to the light, the feather edge of the film has a rainbow appearance.

2025-07-31 05:40:36 UTC

Sharps containers must be rigid, puncture-proof, leak-resistant, and clearly labeled with a biohazard symbol

2025-07-31 05:40:37 UTC

The best areas in obtaining active bone marrow by aspiration are the posterior iliac crest and sternum.

2025-07-31 05:40:43 UTC

Protein buildup and carryover of cells can be prevented by manual aperture cleaning and by incorporating burn circuits.

floresearlflorenz — 2025-07-31 05:40:46 UTC

Siderocytes are RBCs containing iron granules and are visible when stained with Prussian blue.

2025-07-31 05:40:55 UTC

Peripheral blood smear preparation and staining using Wright or Wright-Giemsa stain is routinely done to examine red and white blood cell morphology and to identify abnormalities like anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, or the presence of blood parasites.

2025-07-31 05:40:57 UTC

Light sources used for optical light scatter are: Tungsten-halogen lamp and helium-neon laser.

Lintag, Ma. Geanne Jaztine A.

Sec-6

2025-07-31 05:40:58 UTC

you need to discard 5-6 drops of the sample in performing manual platelet count

2025-07-31 05:40:59 UTC

If you use a vital stain like new methylene blue, the cell is called a reticulocyte because you can see a mesh-like pattern inside. But if you use a Wright stain, it’s called a polychromatic erythrocyte because it looks bluish, but you can’t see the mesh.

2025-07-31 05:41:30 UTC

Cyanmethemoglobin reagent is sensitive to light so it should be stored in a brown bottle or in a dark place.

abadirene23 — 2025-07-31 05:41:32 UTC

The principle of coulter counter is direct current electrical impedance. It is the first electronic counter patented in 1953 by Joseph and Wallace Coulter.

2025-07-31 05:41:38 UTC

The most common manual method used for ESR is Westergren Method

2025-07-31 05:41:42 UTC

Sulfhemoglobin cannot be converted to methemoglobin

2025-07-31 05:41:43 UTC

G6PD deficiency: most common red cell enzyme deficiency

kristinaliwag31 — 2025-07-31 05:41:45 UTC

Cyanmethemoglobin (Hemiglobincyanide) Method is the reference method for hemoglobin determination using the Drabkin's reagent.

2025-07-31 05:41:50 UTC

Sulfhemoglobin is not quantitated in the cyanmethemoglobin method as it isn’t converted to cyanmethemoglobin

pamelabeatricecarreon — 2025-07-31 05:42:01 UTC

Cyanmethemoglobin method is the reference method for measuring hemoglobin. Also, sodium lauryl sulfate is a commonly used cyanide-free reagent for most hematology analyzers.

2025-07-31 05:42:01 UTC

Proper patient identification is the first and most crucial step in the venipuncture procedure

2025-07-31 05:42:10 UTC

Median cubital vein is the vein of choice (1st choice) for venipuncture.

2025-07-31 05:42:18 UTC

Stages of ESR

First 10 mins: rouleaux

40 mins: sedimentation

Last 10 mins: stage packing

2025-07-31 05:42:27 UTC

Manual RBC counts are rarely performed because of the inaccuracy of the count and questionable necessity.

-Asuncion, Sec 6

2025-07-31 05:42:30 UTC

Osmotic fragility is decreased when sickle cells and target cells are present and is increased in the presence of spherocytes.

2025-07-31 05:42:36 UTC

For optical light scatter, the light source can either be tungsten-halogen lamp or helium-neon laser.

2025-07-31 05:42:36 UTC

David, John Kieffer M.

Sec 8

Reticulocyte Count uses supravital stains (e.g. new methylene blue) to visualize RNA remnants.

simsuangcola — 2025-07-31 05:42:40 UTC

In counting cells in the Neubauer Chamber, it is important to always count from two sides of a grid also known as the “Inverted L Rule.” ❤️‍🔥

2025-07-31 05:42:49 UTC

the reference method for measuring hemoglobin is cyanmethemoglobin method

2025-07-31 05:42:50 UTC

Eosin stain - 5 dips

Methylene blue stain - 25 dips

2025-07-31 05:42:51 UTC

An increased amount of Band Cells may be due to pregnancy and a strenuous exercise.

2025-07-31 05:42:53 UTC

Isotonic solution is the diluting fluid used for RBC count because it matches the osmolality of the blood and therefore, will not affect the morphology of the RBC.

2025-07-31 05:43:14 UTC

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HISTOGRAMS VS. SCATTERPLOTS

Histograms focus only on the cells number and volume. Scattergrams focus on 2 or more cell properties plotted against each other (e.g., size vs. granularity/lobularity)

ericadplacino — 2025-07-31 05:43:17 UTC

The light blue top (sodium citrate) should be filled exactly, neither underfilled nor overfilled, to avoid erroneous results in coagulation tests.

PLACINO, ERICA D.

Sec 8

2025-07-31 05:43:31 UTC

In a peripheral blood smear, the film is 2/3 to 3/4 the length of the slide and the film should be finger shaped, very slightly rounded at the feather edge, not bullet shaped.

2025-07-31 05:43:32 UTC

IL-3 and IL-5 are responsible for differentiation of eosinophils. IL-3 and IL-33 are responsible for eosinophil survival

2025-07-31 05:43:44 UTC

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia:

S: Sideroblastic Anemia

C: anemia of Chronic Disease

H: HBe Disease/Trait

I: Iron Deficiency anemia

L: Lead Poisoning

T: Thalassemia

2025-07-31 05:43:50 UTC

In fluorescent staining, the more immature cells, the greater the intensity

tashcervera — 2025-07-31 05:43:52 UTC

The use of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as an alternative in hemoglobin determination (cyanmethemoglobin method) lessens the use cyanide

2025-07-31 05:44:42 UTC

Reference value for reticulocytes % adults: 0.5-2.5% and neonates: 1.5 to 6%

2025-07-31 05:44:57 UTC

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate refers to the speed of settling of RBC in anticoagulant blood.

-Borje, Myrrh Yngryd

m2w4f8vvxk — 2025-07-31 05:45:12 UTC

Sulfhemoglobin cannot be converted to cyanmethemoglobin and cannot be measured using the cyanmethemoglobin method (reference method approved by CLSI for hemoglobin determination)

theresebinas24 — 2025-07-31 05:45:18 UTC

M:E ratio

1.5:1 - 3.3:1

2025-07-31 05:45:46 UTC

If the pH of a smear is too acidic, the RBCs appear bright red and the nuclei of the WBCs appears pale blue. And if it is too basic, the RBCs will appear deep blue and WBC structures are hardly discerned.

lancecabella — 2025-07-31 05:45:57 UTC

Rule of 3 is only applied in normocytic normochromic anemia

allyssabaluyut — 2025-07-31 05:46:00 UTC

Specimen collection is the process of gathering samples (like blood, urine, stool, sputum) for laboratory testing. It must be done correctly to ensure accurate results.

2025-07-31 05:46:06 UTC

Drabkin’s reagent is composed of potassium ferricyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium bicarbonate and surfactant.

2025-07-31 05:46:07 UTC

In reticulocytes and platelets, the more immature the cell, the greater the intensity of fluorescent staining.

2025-07-31 05:46:12 UTC

Cytochemical staining: usually detects presence proteins or enzyme, help identify specific cells (ex. charcot leyden crystals= eosinophil)

reactions: may impart different colors

2025-07-31 05:46:28 UTC

Charcot-leyden crystal is utilized as a marker to identify if the cell is from the eosinophilic lineage

lancecabella — 2025-07-31 05:46:30 UTC

basophilic stippling is seen in lead poisoning

2025-07-31 05:46:33 UTC

Forward-angle light scatter (0 degrees) correlates with cell volume, while side light scatter (90 degrees) correlates with degree of internal complexity.

-Monje, Jemima Grace D. (Sec 6)

2025-07-31 05:46:36 UTC

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate is an alternative reagent for hemoglobin determination

2025-07-31 05:46:50 UTC

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) is an alternative reagent used in hematology analyzers for hemoglobin determination

2025-07-31 05:47:12 UTC

LIM, JOAN MARI M.

The use of a discard tube is necessary when using a butterfly winged infusion set for venipuncture. A 0.5mL volume of blood does not enter the first tube and fills the plastic tubing instead, interfering with coagulation tests.

2025-07-31 05:47:15 UTC

Jennuel Herbert B. Frias

Macrocytic, Normochromic

• Megaloblastic Anemia due to Vit B12 or Folate deficiency

• Pernicious Anemia

Normocytic, Normochromic

• Hemolytic Anemia

• Sickle Cell anemia

Microcytic, Hypochromic

• Thalassemia

• Anemia of Chronic Disease

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Lead poisoning

• Sideroblastic anemia

2025-07-31 05:47:26 UTC

In fluorescent staining, the more immature the cell, the greater is the intensity of fluorescent staining.

2025-07-31 05:47:40 UTC

RBC diluting fluid

Hayer’s
Dacie
1% isotonic saline

2025-07-31 05:47:43 UTC

Direct Current Impedance measures the size of a cell while Radio Frequency Resistance measures the complexity or granularity of a cell.

2025-07-31 05:47:46 UTC

Alternative reagent for determining hemoglobin is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

aguerraa — 2025-07-31 05:47:47 UTC

In preparing blood smears for reticulocyte count, always remember that a 1:1 ratio of EDTA whole blood and New Methylene Blue is mixed and should be left undisturbed for 3-10 minutes before smearing.

Alex Aguerra

Sec 8

krslopez24 — 2025-07-31 05:48:05 UTC

The diluting fluid used in RBC count is an isotonic solution (e.g. NSS) because it matches the osmolality of the blood, which ensures that the red blood cells maintain their natural morphology during the counting process.

2025-07-31 05:48:35 UTC

A long-standing, unmixed EDTA blood sample can lead to falsely elevated hemoglobin results due to the settling of red blood cells (RBCs) in the tube. Automated hematology analyzers, especially those with probes that aspirate from the bottom, will encounter a higher concentration of RBCs in the unmixed sample, resulting in a falsely increased hemoglobin reading.

2025-07-31 05:48:44 UTC

In the cyanmethemoglobin method, potassium ferricyanide oxidized Hemoglobin to methemoglobin and potassium cyanide turns it to cyanmethemoglobin.

2025-07-31 05:48:54 UTC

In Fluorescent staining of reticulocytes and platelets, The more immature the cell, the higher the intensity of the fluorescent dyes.

2025-07-31 05:49:08 UTC

Wright stain - polychromatic erythrocyte

Supravital Stain - reticulocytes

Examples of supravital stain

New Methylene Blue
Brilliant Cresyl Blue

neilaldincoralde16 — 2025-07-31 05:49:25 UTC

MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA:

T =thalassemia

A = anemia of chronic inflammation

I = iron deficiency anemia

L = lead poisoning

S = sideroblastic anemia

2025-07-31 05:49:27 UTC

Osmotic fragility testing is performed to detect the presence of spherocytes.

aaliyahjesireebagtasos — 2025-07-31 05:49:29 UTC

Bending, deforming, misaligning of RBCs can be prevented by isovolumetric sphering.

2025-07-31 05:49:30 UTC

In calculating corrected hemoglobin value, a PLASMA HEMOGLOBIN can be used as a blank. -Reina Lim (Sec 8)

2025-07-31 05:49:40 UTC

Tests affected by anticoagulant/additive contamination: (PECH)

Potassium oxalate
EDTA
Clot activator / Silica
Heparin

Lachica, Angel Ann T. (Sec 5)

2025-07-31 05:49:49 UTC

Cytochemical staining

specific for proteins, enzymes, found in granules specific for WBC.

Eosinophil: IL-3, IL-5, G-CSF

for growth and survival: IL-3 and IL-33
BM and SPLEEN: IL-3

2025-07-31 05:50:29 UTC

Reference ranges

RBC: 4.2 - 6x10^12/L (male), 3.80 - 5.20x10^12/L (female)

HGB: 13.5 - 18 g/dl (male), 12 - 16 g/dl (female)

HCT: 40-54% (male), 36-47% (female)

MCV: 80-100 fL

MCH: 26-34 pg

MCHC: 32-36 g/dL

Retics: 20-115x10^9/L

WBC: 3.6-10.6x10^9/L

NEUT: 50-70%

LYMPH: 18-42%

MONO: 2-11%

EO: 1-3%

BASO: 0-2%

PLT: 150-450x10^9/L

sarahloisdemabasa — 2025-07-31 05:50:42 UTC

Specimen collection is the first and most critical step in laboratory testing thus proper technique ensures accurate results and patient safety. Mistakes in collection can lead to false results or the need to recollect.

2025-07-31 05:51:51 UTC

Venipuncture using winged blood collection set requires a discard tube

eldwinantonio16 — 2025-07-31 05:52:02 UTC

Sodium lauryl sulfate is a widely used cyanide-free reagent

Antonio, Eldwin R.

Sec 8

cyrusjaspermalabanan — 2025-07-31 05:52:13 UTC

Males have a higher reference value for RBC count because of their testosterone levels.

2025-07-31 05:52:19 UTC

Platelet Count Diluting Fluid: 1% Ammonium Oxalate

Dermal Puncture Incision depth-

Infants: 0.35-1.6 mm

Adults: 3 mm

(Both below the skin)

2025-07-31 05:52:43 UTC

Rule of Three is used to check the validity of results. It only works on NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC specimens

2025-07-31 05:53:21 UTC

Rule of 3:

Hgb x 3 = Hct +- 3

Rbc x 3 = Hgb +- 0.5

Useful for checking the accuracy of automated methods against manual methods quickly

2025-07-31 05:53:28 UTC

When there is more anticoagulant than blood the ESR is decreased. Anticoagulants can affect the electrical charge on RBC membranes, increasing repulsion between cells. This prevents aggregation, which slows sedimentation.

2025-07-31 05:53:35 UTC

Isovolumetric sphering is done to prevent the bending and deforming of RBCs

andreajullienbulalacao — 2025-07-31 05:53:53 UTC

Reticulocyte count is a sensitive measure of RBC production which assess the erythropoietic activity of the bone

marrow

2025-07-31 05:53:58 UTC

Fe2+ (Ferrous) is the reduced form of iron which is absorbable by the body. On the other hand, Fe3+ (Ferric) is the oxidized form that cannot be absorbed by the body.

ren30028221 — 2025-07-31 05:54:03 UTC

A shift to the left indicates an increase in young forms of WBCs, while a shift to the right indicates an increase in mature forms.

johnalexapril16 — 2025-07-31 05:54:25 UTC

Heparinized blood is not used for hematologic tests stained with Wright's stain, such as CBC, because the smear will become too blue.

2025-07-31 05:54:48 UTC

the pH of Sodium Phosphate buffer used for Wright-Giemsa stain is 6.4.

2025-07-31 05:55:36 UTC

The dilution used in RBC count is 1:200 when blood is aspirated up to 0.5 mark of Thoma pipette

2025-07-31 05:55:56 UTC

The principle of electrical impedance is the measurement of changes in electrical resistance produced by cells as they traverse a small aperture.

2025-07-31 05:56:34 UTC

electronic impedance cannot identify specific granules
fluorescent stains tend to appear stronger in immature cells

-Meann Basco (sec6)

2025-07-31 05:58:01 UTC

ESR can falsely increase in the following situations: usage of potassium oxalate, increase or high room temperature, inflammatory conditions, severe anemia, and unstable platform.

Whereas falsely decreased ESR occurs when it is unprocessed for more than four hours, increase usage of anticoagulant, and lower room temperature.

2025-07-31 05:58:24 UTC

Electrical impedance can detect electrical resistance produced by a cell; however, it is limited by the ability to only distinguish cells by their volume.

2025-07-31 05:58:49 UTC

esterases that differentiates AML (+)

Napthol - ASD Chloroadetate esterase
Napthyl Acetate esterase
Napthyl butyrate

2022030891 — 2025-07-31 06:05:01 UTC

SLS = Sysmex

altheagomez8994 — 2025-07-31 06:07:01 UTC

Always label the specimen with key patient details such as name, age, date and time of collection, and birthdate. An accurate patient identification is essential to prevent misidentification and mislabeled specimens, which can lead to misdiagnosis.

2025-07-31 06:15:45 UTC

Normal MCV, MCH, MCHC

Microcytic, Hypochromic = SCHILT

Sideroblastic Anemia

Anemia of Chronic Disease/Chronic

Inflammation

Hemoglobin E Disease/Trait

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Lead Poisoning

Thalassemia

High MCV, Normal MCHC

Macrocytic, Normochromic = Megaloblastic and Non megaloblastic Anemia

Low MCV, Low MCHC

Normocytic, Normochromic = Hemolytic Anemia

2025-07-31 06:16:45 UTC

Protein buildup in automated machines using electrical impedance causes falsely increased cell volume and falsely decreased cell count.

2025-07-31 06:21:33 UTC

WHO is the organization that is widely used to classify leukemia. It is now the standard classification in diagnosing leukemia. It subdivide leukemia according to:

Cellular morphology
Cytochemical stains
Immunophenotyping
Cytogenetics abnormalities
Clinical Syndrome

milesxyrilletence — 2025-07-31 06:22:06 UTC

In blood extraction, it is important to make sure that the patient is not diabetic before considering extraction in the veins of the foot.

2025-07-31 06:22:07 UTC

Firmacion, Shane Marie I.

Forward scatter (0 degree) is for cell volume

Side scatter (90 degrees) is for cell granularity

2025-07-31 06:24:59 UTC

When determining the RBC count using 2 chambers, always check first if the difference of the count between the 2 chambers is within the allowable range (10%). If it is below 10%, then we can proceed with getting the average of the total cells counted in both chambers as the cells counted to be inputted in the main formula.

cell counts = [(average cell count from 2 chambers) (DF)]/[(area)(depth)]

2025-07-31 06:25:36 UTC

Parazo, Ma. Liezl C.

RBC parameters include: MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW. These are important for diagnosing conditions, particularly in differentiating or identifying anemias.

ongwynonna — 2025-07-31 06:26:56 UTC

Proper anticoagulant use and correct blood-to-additive ratio are essential to avoid clotting or dilution errors that can affect test results.

2025-07-31 06:27:35 UTC

Always observe proper decorum in the workplace. Pure intelligence can’t take you anywhere.

2025-07-31 06:27:41 UTC

The dilution used in RBC count is 1:200 when blood is aspirated up to 0.5 mark of Thoma pipette

- Darlene Vitancol

moshiemosh6 — 2025-07-31 06:29:31 UTC

Anisocytosis is the variation in the size of the RBC. Poikilocytosis is the variation in shape of the RBC. Anisochromia is the variation in Hgb concentration or Central Pallor

addj0201 — 2025-07-31 07:55:09 UTC

De Jesus, Adrian Delfin L.

Volume Distribution sub groups histograms

35-90 fL= LYMPHOCYTES

90-160 fL= MONONUCLEARS

160-450 fL= GRANULOCYTES

gammadmark02 — 2025-07-31 08:03:22 UTC

Decreased ESR:

Sickle Cell & Sphreocytes

Cold Temperature

More anticoagulant than RBC

Increased ESR:

Menstruation

Inflammation

Warm Temperature

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Incorrect Anticoagulant

nojinx0 — 2025-07-31 08:05:59 UTC

Updated Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio = 1.5:1 to 3.3:1

2025-07-31 08:14:22 UTC

Nucleus-cytoplasm asynchrony refers to the incongruent development of the nucleus and cytoplasm to each other during erythropoiesis. It is notably present in megaloblastic anemia particularly when there is a deficiency in the patient's folate and vitamin b12 levels. The nucleus matures slower than the cytoplasm, since the maturation of the nucleus is highly dependent on these nutrients.

2025-07-31 08:46:34 UTC

Using EDTA as an anticoagulant may cause platelet satellitism, leading to falsely low platelet counts and falsely high white blood cell counts . To prevent this, a sodium citrate tube can be used.

2025-07-31 08:55:27 UTC

Never Let Monkey 🐒 Eat Banana 🍌

From most to least abundant WBC in the PB

Neutrophil - 50-70%

Lymphocyte - 18-42%

Monocyte - 2-11%

Eosinophil - 1-3%

Basophil - 0-2%

2025-07-31 11:25:53 UTC

3 Stages of Erythrocyte Sedimentation:

i. Stage 1: 10 mins – lag/aggregation phase . Initial stage where rbcs stack one another like coins, a process called "Rouleaux formation". This process can be elevated by certain proteins in the plasma that disrupt the zeta potential between the cells like immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, and othrr acute phase reactants.

ii. Stage 2: 40 mins – decantation phase. The stacks of rbcs begin to settle at the bottom of the tube.

iii. Stage 3: 10 mins – packing phase. As more stacks of rbcs settle at the bottom, they pack together and slow down the sedimentation process until it stops.

2025-07-31 11:32:10 UTC

an increase in band cell is known as left shift

2022001301 — 2025-07-31 12:42:50 UTC

In fully automated analyzers that use spectrophotometry, samples left standing for too long can produce falsely elevated values.

2025-08-01 01:23:49 UTC

The order of collection for microcollection tubes:

CBGs

Blood smear

Lavender EDTA tubes

Green, light green, amber lithium heparin tubes

Gray EDTA tubes

Gold, amber, red serum tubes