TERM 2 - ARAHAN, BSN2B by Elaine Gabrielle E. Arahan https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl en-us 2021-11-25 10:11:27 UTC 2026-01-23 01:27:09 UTC hello@padlet.com PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY 210216c https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322594 I learned that the body of a pregnant woman goes through a range of physiologic changes throughout pregnancy. Hormonal changes, an increase in total blood volume, weight gain, and an increase in fetus size are all variables that cause these alterations. All of these elements have an effect on the pregnant woman's physiological systems, including her musculoskeletal, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems.]]> 2021-11-25 10:14:06 UTC https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322594 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY 210216c https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322682 Pregnancy is always linked to alterations in a pregnant woman's psychological functioning. It is usually associated with ambivalence, frequent mood changes, varying from anxiety, fatigue, exhaustion, sleepiness, depressive reactions to excitement.

CULTURAL INFLUENCES 
FAMILY INFLUENCES
  • POSITIVE INFLUENCES 
  • NEGATIVE INFLUENCES 
INDIVIDUAL INFLUENCES 

COMMON PSYCHOSOCIAL CHANGES/ TASKS THAT OCCUR WITH PREGNANCY
1st Trimester 
• TASK: Accepting the Pregnancy
  • Ambivalence  
2nd Trimester
• TASK: Accepting the Baby 
  •  Narcissism and introversion 
3rd Trimester
• TASK: Preparing for the Baby and End of Pregnancy (Preparing for Parenthood) 

EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO PREGNANCY
  • AMBIVALENCE
  • GRIEF
  • NARCISSISM (self-centeredness) 
  • INTROVERSION VS EXTROVERSION
  • BODY IMAGE AND BOUNDARY 
  • STRESS
  • COUVADE SYNDROME (men are experiencing same physical symptoms like her pregnant wife due to stress, anxiety and empathy)
  • EMOTIONAL LABILITY (mood changes and mood swings)

CHANGES IN SEXUAL DESIRE 
1st trimester
  • Decrease in libido 
2nd trimester 
  • As blood flow to pelvic area increases to supply the placenta, libido and sexual enjoyment rise markedly 
3rd trimester 
  • Sexual desire remain high or may decrease 

 

]]> 2021-11-25 10:14:10 UTC https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322682 THE GROWING FETUS 210216c https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322901 The egg that will become your baby divides rapidly into many cells within 24 hours of fertilization. The embryo grows into a fetus by the eighth week of pregnancy.

o   Ovum – from ovulation to fertilization 
o   Zygote - from fertilization to implantation 
o   Embryo – from implantation to 5-8 weeks
o   Fetus – from 5-8 weeks until term

Pre-embryonic Period (the OVUM)
  •  first 2 weeks, beginning with fertilization
  • ends at implantation, which occurs on day 7 postconception
Embryonic Period
  • weeks 3 through 8 
  • begins with blastogenesis 
Fetal Period 
  • from week 8 through birth
  • Period of post-differentiation of organs 

FERTILIZATION - Fertilization (also referred to as conception and impregnation) is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon. 

IMPLANTATION - Implantation is when a fertilized egg, or blastocyst, has attached to the lining of the uterine wall.

EMBRYONIC AND FETAL STRUCTURES / DEVELOPMENT
1.      Decidua 
2.      Chorionic villi 
3.      Placenta
4.      Umbilical cord 
5.      Amniotic membrane 
6.      Amniotic fluid



]]> 2021-11-25 10:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912322901 LABOR AND DELIVERY 210216c https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912323482 The terms "labor" and "delivery" are used to describe the birthing process. The uterus contracts and the cervix (the opening of the uterus) changes to prepare a woman's body to give birth. The baby is then born, followed by the placenta.

PRELIMINARY SIGNS OF LABOR
1.      Lightening 
2.      Braxton-Hicks Contractions 
3.      Nesting Instinct 
4.      Ripening of the cervix 
5.      Weight loss (1-3 pounds)
6.      Bloody show 
7.      Rupture of membranes 

PRELIMINARY SIGNS 
• SUBTLE SIGNS
• INDICATES IMMINENT LABOR
• MUST EDUCATE PATIENTS FOR THEM TO DETECT THESE SIGNS

SIGNS OF TRUE LABOR
1. UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
  •  Duration- from beginning of one contraction to the end of the same contraction (from 20 to 30 sec to a range of 60 to 90 sec) 
  • Frequency- from beginning of one contraction to the beginning of another contraction Interval 
  • intensity – it becomes stronger
2. SHOW
3. RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES

 COMPONENTS OF LABOR
  1. THE PASSAGE or the woman’s pelvis 
  2. THE PASSENGER or the fetus 
  3. The POWERS OF LABOR or uterine factors 
  4. A WOMAN’S PSYCHE 

Pelvic Shape: Gynecoid (deep and wide)
Obstetric/True Conjugate - measurement of the inlet because it has the smallest diameter
  • pelvic inlet - ap is smaller than transverse, true or obstetric conjugate, measurement of the ap must be at least 11 cm, the head is in a lateral position
  • pelvic outlet - also called the inferior pelvic aperture, ap is greater than transverse, the occiput is under the symphisis pubis, measurement of the transverse must be at least 10 cm
diagonal conjugate (1.5 constant)

13 cm – 1.5 cm = 11. 5 (obstetric conjugate)

the most favorable is the position that presents the smallest diameter of the head – flexed or flexion

if the head is extended – occipitomental 13.5 cm

occipitofrontal – 12cm

suboccipitobregmatic – 9.5 cm smallest presenting diameter of the fetal skull, because if this is the presenting diameter it will fit the maternal pelvis

FETAL PRESENTATION 
  • CEPHALIC 
  • BREECH 
  • SHOULDER 

FETAL ATTITUDE
  • Good (full flexion)
  • Moderate (military)
  • Poor
  • Very poor

vertex - full flexion
sinciput - moderate flexion (military attitude)
brow - partial extension
face - poor flexion, complete extension

MECHANISMS OF LABOR
  • DESCENT 
  • FLEXION 
  • INTERNAL ROTATION
  • EXTENSION
  • EXTERNAL ROTATION (RESTITUTION).
  • EXTERNAL ROTATION (SHOULDER ROTATION)
  • EXPULSION


]]> 2021-11-25 10:14:43 UTC https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912323482 SIGNS OF PREGNANCY (PRESUMPTIVE, PROBABLE, POSITIVE) 210216c https://padlet.com/210216c/ar4lo4woufycq7hl/wish/1912357093 PRESUMPTIVE - Breast changes, Nausea, vomiting, Amenorrhea, Frequent urination, Fatigue, Uterine enlargement, Quickening, linea nigra, Melasma , Striae Gravidarum
  • breast changes is one of the earliest 
  • Striae Gravidarum – stretch marks, Red streaks on the abdomen
  • linea nigra / linea alba - Dark line pigmentation on the abdomen
  • Melasma or Chloasma - Dark pigment on the face ; “mask of pregnancy,”
  • quickening – fetal movement felt by women (16-20 weeks)

PROBABLE - chadwick’s sign, goodel’s sign, hegar’s sign, Sonographic evidence of gestational sac, Ballottement, braxton-hicks contraction, fetal outline felt by examiner
  • CHADWICK’S SIGN – change in the color of vagina or cervix (PINK TO VIOLET)
  • GOODEL’S SIGN – softening of cervix, cervix consistency- tip of the nose, ear lobe, butter
  •  HEGAR’S SIGN – softening of lower uterine segment (above the cervix) 
  • BALLOTTEMENT - the fetus can be felt to rise against the abdominal wall (occurs in 16 weeks)
  •  BRAXTON-HICKS contraction - Periodic uterine tightening occurs NOT TRUE CONTRACTION (20 weeks)
  • FETAL OUTLINE felt by EXAMINER - Fetal outline can be palpated through abdomen (20 WEEKS)

POSITIVE - Evidence on Ultrasound of fetal outline, fetal heart audible, fetal movement by examiner
  • FETAL HEART (10-12 weeks) if using a Doppler ultrasound/ UTZ (highly sensitive stethoscope that can detect sound)
  • Evidence on Ultrasound of fetal outline 
  • FETAL MOVEMENT FELT BY THE EXAMINER - Fetal movement can be palpated

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