https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy Case Study of Malysia's New Economic Policy; discussing ethnic discrimination and affirmative action en-us 2021-10-25 16:12:00 UTC 2025-11-04 11:28:24 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f4f0.png laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842255285 - Achieved independence in 1957
- about half of population are ethnic Malays, 40% Chinese, 10% Indian
- unequal distribution of ethnic groups
- 1960s saw increases in income inequality between and within ethnic groups 
- deteriorating sociopolitical situation in 1960s 
- non-Malays believed that a Malay Alliance gov was responsible for discrimination ]]> 2021-10-25 16:13:40 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842255285 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842255863 - Bumiputera (indigenous) and non-Bumiputera
- Bumiputera = Malays, aboriginal communities, natives
- non-Bumiputera = Chinese and Indians associated with colonial-era immigration
- patterns of uneven development, economic disparity and social division
- domination of certain occupations such as banking and retailing led to widespread misconception that Chinese controlled commerce
- Malay aristocrats have main governmental control ]]> 2021-10-25 16:13:51 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842255863 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256358 - 1971-1991 (but continue to this day informally)
- driven by ethnic riots in 1969 which resulted in hundreds of deaths, political instability (PM resignation, parliament suspension)
- aims to promote national unity, reduce poverty, address ethnic inequalities
- Bumiputera receive favourable treatment in education, housing, public sector, corporate shares]]> 2021-10-25 16:14:01 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256358 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256669 - rates of poverty rapidly decreased, as well as in neighbouring countries
- rapid economic growth and structural transformation
- greater Bumiputera wealth ownership, business participation, education opportunities, public sector employment, professional representation ]]> 2021-10-25 16:14:06 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256669 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256958 - criteria of benefits based solely on ethnicity, rather than socioeconomic status
- targeted the majority population
- elite Malays secured majority of reserved Malay positions
- resulted in us-vs-them mentality which manifests ethnic conflict and mistrust between groups
- led to brain drain as skilled non-Malays migrate elsewhere for sufficient employment
- oversimplifies historical disparities and neglects to recognise vertical nuances
- efficacy has decreased over time
- drove the creation of a large Malay middle class]]> 2021-10-25 16:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842256958 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842257343 2021-10-25 16:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842257343 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842257774 - this is a result of over-reservation of educational opportunities for ethnic Malays, forcing other groups into private education which gives them greater opportunity 
- highly skilled Chinese and Indian labour force move out, citing 'social inequality' as a driver, creating a brain drain ]]> 2021-10-25 16:14:27 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842257774 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842258278 2021-10-25 16:14:36 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842258278 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842302051 - increase in absolute inequality means that purchasing power of different groups is greater, changes in wealth differ between groups
- relative decrease in inequality as all groups increase in wealth ]]> 2021-10-25 16:28:22 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842302051 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842305823 - pre-tax levels fail to show how the taxation system reinforces the wealth of the creamy layer 
- there is high disparity for low-income percentiles, however for high-income groups, there is more equal distribution between ethnic classes ]]> 2021-10-25 16:29:31 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842305823 laurenmarshallnichols https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842340399 - non-negotiable timescales and end dates with gradual reductions to ensure vested interests do not corrupt policies
- should be used for singular issues, not for reengineering an entire society
- should recognise intersectional drivers of disparity ]]> 2021-10-25 16:39:52 UTC https://padlet.com/laurenmarshallnichols/aqe8z1rpq63ru4hy/wish/1842340399