The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It marked a crucial step in ending legalized slavery in the United States.

The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring the freedom of all enslaved people and was a pivotal step in the abolition of slavery

U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal." The court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal in quality, legalizing segregation in the South for many years.

Various laws and practices were used to disenfranchise Black people, during and after the Reconstruction Era. Tactics like poll taxes, literacy tests, and outright violence were used to prevent black people from voting in the south.

The square deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which aimed to ensure fairness for all Americans, focused on three key areas. Control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. Roosevelt sought to regulate big businesses, protect consumers from unsafe products, and preserve public lands for future generations.

The Federal reserve act established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Its purpose was to provide a safer, more flexible, and stable monetary and financial system by regulating banks, managing inflation, and serving as a lender of last resort to ensure economic stability.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a U.S. law that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places, employment, and education. It was a major victory in the civil rights movement, aimed at ending segregation and ensuring equal rights for black people and other minority groups.

The first federal legislation aimed at curbing monopolies and promoting competition by making it illegal to restrain trade or commerce or to attempt to monopolize a market. The law laid the foundation for future antitrust policies in the United States.

The Pacific Railway Act 1862 was a U.S. law that authorized the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. It provided federal government support through land grants and loans to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads, facilitating the completion of the railroad that connected the eastern U.S. to the western territories, boosting economic growth and westward expansion.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's new deal was a series of programs and reforms launched in the 1930s to combat the Great Depression. It aimed to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery for the economy, and reform the financial system to prevent future economic crises, with initiatives such as Social Security, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the establishment of labor rights and banking regulations.