Lessons Learned about Time Orientations - 3008 by

2. what are monochronic and polychronic time orientations?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:08:41 UTC

Monochronic means that the time is sceduled and things are done one at a time. Time can be spent, wasted or save and paramount value is to get job done.

Polychronic means that multiple thing can be done at the same time and time is not as sceduled as in the monochronic. In polychronic cultures are less focused on getting job done and more focused on tradition and relationships.

3. what are past, present, and future time orientations?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:08:56 UTC

Researchers Kluckhohn and Strodbeck aimed to identify the key values of different societies that impact the behaviors of people. The proposed concepts were how cultures value the past, present an the future.

Cultures with a past orientation tend to place more focus and value on tradition, elder members of society and positive aspects of their history, communities or organizations.

Individuals from present-oriented cultures are more likely to live ”in the moment”, focus on the short-term consequences of their behaviors, value events that occured relatively recently and use recent events to predict future events.

Future-oriented socities focus on the long-term consequences of their actions and tend to focus more on tasks such as saving for the future and delaying gratification.

1. what event time and clock time means?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:09:09 UTC

Clock time means a physical time, is the objective measure of time. Event time is subjective and situational, and represents the time spent completing a task or attending an event. Event time is less punctual than the clock time.

4. what did Robert Levine research concerning pace of life?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:09:23 UTC

Robert Levine pioneered research on the pace of life across different countries. They measured this through indicators like postal efficiency, walking speed, and the accuracy of public clocks.

Their findings revealed a significant positive correlation between a country's economic development and its pace of life, suggesting that more economically developed countries tend to have a faster pace of life.

These researchers found that Western European countries and Japan had the fastest pace of life and non-industrialized countries were the slowest.

5. what are the influencing factors determining time orientation?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:09:38 UTC

In summary, time orientation is influenced by a combination of historical, cultural, economic, religious, societal, linguistic, and environmental factors. These influences shape how different cultures perceive and value time, leading to varying degrees of emphasis on the past, present, or future.

6. what are the consequences of time orientation in different areas of life?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:09:49 UTC

Micro level: individuals’ psychological, behavioral and health outcones, negotiation, teamwork, job performance, “ including how people value the past, present, and future and their belief in how changes occur.”

Macro level: Human resource management, strategic planning, marketing, and the economic development of countries

EVERYONE: what was completely eye opening/especially interesting information to you so far?

mari_rytisalo — 2020-10-27 12:10:09 UTC

E: The biggest eye opener was realizing how much time and how we think about it influence every little aspect of our lives such as how we act and react in different situations.

C: Time orientations and cultural differences. For example how time is perceived in work places.

D: -It’s very interesting that some cultures see the past as in the front, where they can see and the future in the back, where they cannot see. That makes sense, but it’s totally different how we see it.