OCCUPATION: STUDENT

UNIVERSITY: SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SEMESTER: 3

COURSE: TEACHING ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE (BACHERLOR DEGREE)

FROM: KOTA MARUDU, SABAH

DATE OF BIRTH: 27TH NOVEMBER 2004

1. Listening

2. Speaking

3. Reading

4. Writing

5. Literature in Action

CEFR Aligned:

• an international standard to describe language ability.

• organises language proficiency in 6 levels:

  - A1-A2 (Basic User)

  - B1-B2 (Independent User)

  - C1-C2 (Proficient User)

• CEFR test that were recognized in Malaysia is MUET

• Intrinsic: Arises from inside, do it because of individual passions and interest

• Extrinsic: Arises from outside force, do it for practical use

Types of learning motivation:-

1. Instrumental: Task or goal-oriented

• extrinsic motivation

2. Integrative: characterized by positive attitudes toward the learning situation

• intrinsic motivation.

Motivation to learners:-

1. Sustain enthusiasm: to receive the subject

2. Love the language: to love the subject

How to motivate ESL students:-

1. Trigger their interests

2. Integrate fun activities and technology

3. Encourage language experience outside of the classroom

• the way a person takes in, understands, expresses, and remembers information

  
  

Example of learning styles:-

1. Visual learning: learn through visuals, e.g.: diagrams, charts, pictures

2. Auditory learning: learning through listening, e.g.: reading text out loud, and discussing concepts with others.

3. Kinesthetic Learning: learn through doing something

• use all of the human senses— sight, touch, taste, smell, hearing

Types of learning strategies:-

1. General

• memory strategy: to store and retrieve information

• cognitive strategy: to understand and produce new language

• compensation strategy: to communicate despite in deficiencies their language knowledge

• metacognitive strategy: to control learning through organizing, planning and evaluating

• affective strategy: to gain control over emotions, attitudes, etc.

• social strategy: to interact with other people

  
  

2. Communication

• Avoidance strategy : includes syntactic or lexical avoidance, phonological avoidance & topic avoidance

• Compensatory Strategy: involves compensation for missing knowledge

1. Round Robin

• students take turns sharing ideas or answers within a group

• ensures equal participation, promotes listening skills.

2. Think-Pair-Share

• Students think individually, discuss with a partner and share their idea to the larger group

• encourages individual reflection, collaborative discussion, and sharing of ideas.

  
  

3. Team-Pair-Solo

• students work on a task as a team, then in pairs, and finally individually

• provides a gradual release of responsibility, builds confidence, and allows for independent practice.

4. Numbered Hands Together

• students work in groups to solve a problem or answer a question, then a randomly selected group member shares the group's answer

• encourages group accountability and promotes active participation, ensuring that all students are prepared to share.

• language develops through conditioning and reinforcement of associations between environmental stimuli and responses.

  
  

ESL teaching technique based on behaviorist theory:-

• focus on imitation: encourage students to repeat and imitate teachers' language examples as closely as possible.

• Reward and praise: reinforcing students' correct language use with rewards.

2. Innatist Theory

• popularized by Noam Chomsky

• he believed that humans were born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to acquire language naturally.

  
  

ESL teaching technique based on innatist theory:

• Comprehension-based approach: prioritize understanding over accurate production by providing language input that is slightly above the learner's current.

3. Cognitivist Theory

• believe that the human mind functions like an information processor or computer

• looks beyond noticeable behavior and it considers learning as an internal mental process

  
  

ESL teaching technique based on cognitivist theory:

• contextualization: present language in meaningful context, such as real-life situations or stories.

• problem-solving activities: encourage students to think critically and apply language to solve problems.

4. Socialist Theory

• the idea that students learn from observing others.

  
  

ESL teaching technique based on the socialist theory:

• the flipped classroom model

• gamification and simulations

5. Constructivist Theory

• an approach to probe for children's level of understanding and how that understanding can be taken to higher level thinking

  
  

ESL teaching technique based on constructivist theory:

• project-based learning: develops critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

• collaborative learning: enhances communication skills, and promotes peer learning.