SOURCES:

• https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/6f35017140c043f9900c8235d170616a

• https://www.britannica.com/place/British-Somaliland

• https://www.wikiwand.com/en/British_Somaliland

• The Philippines were a colony of the United States

• An outright colonization is when there is a parental relationship between the imperialism and the weaker area.

  
  

• The United States colonized the Philippines when the Spanish-American War ended in December 1898

  
  

• The period of American colonization of the Philippines was 48 years

  
  

• Lasted until the U.S. recognition of Philippine independence in 1946

  
  

• Americans colonized the Philippines because they had economic and military motives. They wanted easier access to China and they wanted to expand the US military.

  
  

• The United States stopped colonizing the Philippines because it was said that the United States had no rights to colonize there since the Philippines wanted a self-government

Sources:

https://www.dwherstories.com/timeline/u-s-imperialism-in-the-philippines#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20seized%20the%20Philippines,million%20in%20the%20Philippines%20alone.

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war

• Great Britain restricted Indian Industries like textiles.

• Indian culture was treated as inferior to British culture and it was forced on them.

• The British enforced Direct Imperialism on the Indians which included no self rule amongst the Indians.

• Britain sought to use the resources in India to help their own economy  and they even took control over India’s East India Company.

• Britain forced Indians to do things against their will and religion like forcing them to bite cartridges that were greased with the lard of pigs and cows even though many Muslims and Hindus couldn’t do that because of their religion.

• If Indians refused to follow the instructions of the British, they strictly punished and often jailed and killed.

• To expand their own economy, Britain implemented laws which only allowed Indians to buy goods from the Britain such as salt at extremely high prices.

• When the Britain employed the Indians, they payed them very little to what British officers were payed.

• The forms of Imperialism the Britain used on India were Colonization and Economic Imperialism (Used India for goods and took East India Company).

• Overall, the forceful ruling and imperialism of Great Britain on India caused many changes to the lifestyle and the lives of many people living in India, resulting in some of those changes bleeding into the lives of Indians even after the British left and even into Indian’s lives today.

  
  

  Sources:

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

• https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-british-impact-on-india-1700-1900/

• https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-impacts.html#/

Sources:

• https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Imperialism-In-Nigeria-FCAC2VJPY8V

• https://republic.com.ng/october-november-2023/the-making-of-nigeria/#:~:text=While%20British%20colonial%20administrators%20like,was%20exercised%20in%20the%20South.

SOURCES:

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-belgian-congo-imperialism-genocide-atrocities.html#:~:text=King%20Leopold%20and%20Belgian%20Imperialism,prioritize%20profiting%20from%20the%20Congo.

• https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State

• In the early years of British imperialism in India, the form of imperialism which was used was Sphere of Influence & the method of imperialism was Indirect Imperialism

• In early British India, some Western educated Indians would be lower ranking government officials with British officials in the majority with complete dominance of higher ranking government positions

• Western education, law and medicine was almost immediately enforced on Indians

• Farmers and nomads were coerced into growing cash crops, mainly cotton and jute, instead of food

• The British Parliament took control of India from the East India Trading Company when in 1857 the Sepoy troops mutinied over opening cartridges that were greased with pig and cow lard

• Under the British viceroy from the British Parliament, Britain strengthened its foothold by abolishing the East India Trading Company

• Due to the Sepoy mutiny, the British changed its form of imperialism to Outright Colonization & its method of imperialism of India to Direct Imperialism

• Indians were required to buy goods from Britain with enormous taxes over goods including salt, even if the goods were made in India

• Famines and land degradation occurred due to deforestation for growing cash crops, a lack of food, and the repetitive growth of cash crops

• Those who did not follow the abhorrently strict British law were whipped, flogged, tortured, jailed, hanged, and/or executed publicly if they disobeyed British militants

• On August 15 1947, India became independent as rebels arose from the chaos and damage caused by the British, but to this day, British ideas have changed the lifestyle and social hierarchy of India

Sources:

Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj 

Cliff Notes:

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/history/how-did-imperialism-in-india-come-about 

Maps of India:

https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/history/british-imperialism-in-india 

William & Mary Law School: https://law.wm.edu/academics/intellectuallife/researchcenters/postconflictjustice/internships/internship-blogs/2022/hyde-kyle/british-raj-and-the-india-criminal-defence-manual.php#:~:text=Britain%20took%20control%20of%20India,Company%20and%20changing%20Indian%20policies 

• The U.S. got the Philippines from Spain after losing the Spanish-American War. The Philippines was granted to the U.S. through the Treaty of Paris. 

• The U.S. ruled the Philippines through a limited self-government

• The Philippines Act was approved on July 1, 1902 by the U.S. Congress. It gave the Philippines a civilian government rather than a military run government. 

• From December 10, 1898 to October 31, 1899, after the U.S. got the Philippines from Spain, the Philippine people started gearing up for a rebellion against the U.S. 

• During the Philippine-American War, Filipinos were fighting for their freedom. The president of their rebel government was Emilio Aguinaldo, who was eventually captured. The War was very brutal and both sides suffered many casualties

• After many attempts at independence, the  Tydings-McDuffie Law stated that the Philippines would create the Philippine Commonwealth for 10 years, and learn how to become an independent nation. After 10 years, the U.S. would recede it’s control over the Philippines in 1946. 

• Then, during WW2, the Japanese took control of the Philippines since the U.S. was unable to save them

Links

•  1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)

• https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war#:~:text=The%20war%20was%20brutal%20on,who%20cooperated%20with%20American%20forces.

• Egypt was colonized in 1882 by the British, due it Egypts location giving the British access to Asia. They also wanted to profit off of Egypts prosperous economy.

• The British indirectly colonized Egypt, as they used to form of protectorate, which means that the protected Egypt from being colonized from other countries.

• The colonization of Egypt resulted in massive negative effects for the nation.

  • Loss of Culture

  • Loss of Education

  • Absence of Healthcare

• The Egyptians fought the British by:

  • Non-violent Boycotts

  • Petitions

  • Strikes made by: students, professionals, and workers

  • Though, the British did have some positive effects on the Nation:

    • Boosted Irrigation

    • Increased cotton production and exportation

    • Improved Field Work

    • Increased Tourism across the nation

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjMg_WM0fiDAxWbv4kEHUfKAPIQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorystuffweb.wordpress.com%2Fimperialism-in-egypt%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAt%2520the%2520beginning%2520of%2520the%2520twentieth%2520century%2520Egypt%2520was%2520massively%2Ceducation%252C%2520health%2520care%2520and%2520freedom.&usg=AOvVaw2Ln_zLRCngAyNOvluZCvGy&opi=89978449reedom.

• https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=The%20loss%20of%20culture%2C%20westernisation,control%20over%20its%20own%20country.

  
  

• The Europeans showed interest in India because of their trade and transportation routes, such as the silk road

• The first European to travel to India was Vasco da Gama. His arrival pushed other rival countries to set up trade routes to India as well.

• The Mughal Empire fell into chaos when their emperor died, and this decrease in stability allowed Europeans to imperialize India by using their military power and advanced technology

• Formed the British East India Company, which was made by a group of merchants that petitioned Queen Elizabeth I, and provided a monopoly on all trade in the East

• It promoted British Trade in the East and expanded their markets across the region

• Indian soldiers fought for the British during their expansion through India, and were called sepoys, who rebelled and destroyed the British East India Company

• After the rebellion, Britain fully colonized India, which was known as British Raj, which changed India’s standards economically, politically, and socially

• India was Britain's most important colony because of their economy

• The British passed harsh laws against the Indian people, such as exporting natural resources to Britain and forcing Indians to produce crops for English factories instead of food crops, which led to a high number of famines in which about 55 million total Indians died

• India gained their independence after many years, mainly thanks to Mahatma Gandhi’s non-cooperation campaign, where he peacefully protested Britain’s economic and political control over India, with a mass of millions of followers

• The political tension within India was high, between religious and social groups, so the country partitioned into Pakistan and India with Britain’s approval, ceasing Britain’s rule in India.

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

• Direct Economic Imperialism

• By the late 1800’s France had gained control of the modern day locations of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in a colony it referred to as Indochine due to the religious influence on the region from India and China.

• The French Tried to justify their imperialism by saying that  it was there job to “civilize” the people of south-east Asia and devolved a principle called “the mission civilisatrice” which was the French form of the English “white man’s burden”  

• The French looked to Vietnam for cheap access to raw material and cheap labor.

• French colonialism was much more brutal than that of the British. Paris itself sent over 20 governors to Indochina between the years of 1900-1945.

• France tried to avoid revolt by employing a “divide and rule” strategy. They played local communities against each other and carved the nation into 3 separate provinces. Annam along the central coast, Tonkin in the north, and Cochinchina in the south.

• France selfishly turned Vietnam’s subsistence economy into a proto-capitalist system based on land ownership and mass production. They seized small portions of land and reorganized them into large plantations giving small landowners the option of either remaining as low wage laborers or relocating elsewhere.

• During labor shortages the French would life Viet framers by false promises or high wage or through threats of gun violence 

• The main cash crops in this area were rice and rubber and were sold abroad by France.

• The working conditions for the Viet were horrible; they were known as “coolies” ( a derogatory term for Asian laborers). They worked long hours for pitifully small wages, some were even paid rice rather than money.

• Malnutrition,dysentery, and malaria were very common in rubber plantations. It was not uncommon for several workers to die in one plantation every day.

• One of the only benefits of French rule in Vietnam was the improvement in their education system

• French rule in Vietnam lasted for six decades.

• https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/french-colonialism-in-vietnam/ 

How, and what form/method of imperialism occurred in India?

• The form of imperialism that the British used for India was economic imperialism

• This started when political leadership began to decline in the Mughal Empire descendants, thus leading to chaos and disorganization 

• At the same time, the British East India Company was thriving, and began to exert power over India 

• This company was a massive British corporation founded under Queen Elizabeth I and became a global player 

• I would actually go so far as to say that the method by which Britain used to imperialize India was indirect 

• This is because Britain regulated much of what the East India Company did, and this company began to exert its dominance over India when it saw the opportunity which arose from governmental confusion in the Mughal Empire, thus leading to Britain indirectly controlling India 

• Additionally, based off of stories from my grandparents and other old generations in my family, the British degraded India in order to imperialize

• They exerted control over traditions and frowned upon our cultures, leading many people to believe that the British were superior to the Indians, when in reality, they just desired India’s rich materials and plentiful resources, as well as the trade routes 

• They altered religious customs, and even made Indians go against their religions by forcing them to consume animal fat 

When did European interest in India originate?

• During the Age of Imperialism, a European power, Britain, extended its political, economic, and cultural authority over the massive subcontinent of India 

• European interest in India first began through economics, because of the desired trade routes such as the Silk Road 

• The Silk Road stretched from Japan and China (east) to the Mediterranean area (west)

• Traveled through India, Persia, Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe 

• Another significant time period which furthered British interest in India was the time of the Mughal Empire (Early Modern Period)

• At its height, the Mughal Empire included most of Modern India and parts of Pakistan and Bangladesh, therefore making it one of the largest empires in the history of Southeast Asia 

• India was the jewel of Southeast Asia because of the various goods and services, the foods, the materials, and especially the trade routes!

• During Akbar’s rule (1556-1605), the Mughal Empire expanded and developed a strong economy, even trading with European companies such as the British East India Company 

• Eventually, lack of political leadership in the descendants of the Mughal Empire weakened them altogether

• Europe jumped at this opportunity to imperialize

Unpopular British Moves:

• The East India Company required sepoys, or Indian soldiers, in its service anywhere, even though it was against their religion to travel overseas in those of the high caste 

• This company also told the troops to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles, which were greased in animal fat 

• Parliament put India directly under the British crown 

• Britain taxed Indians to pay the cost of the occupying forces in India 

• British viceroys in India governed in the name of the queen and British officials held top positions in the army 

• The British also made agricultural changes, ultimately leading to deforestation, and therefore, famine

• The British often used brute force in order to set examples, there are many accounts of terrible things being done to Indians

Additional links:

https://www.historycrunch.com/british-imperialism-in-india-overview.html#/

https://www.history.com/news/east-india-company-england-trade

Sources:

https://u.osu.edu/introhumanitiesonline/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/

https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Nigeria-as-a-colony

**Links for Cites**

https://www.whipplelib.hps.cam.ac.uk/special/exhibitions-and-displays/conflicting-chronologies/britain-egypt

https://study.com/academy/lesson/egypt-under-european-rule-summary-timeline.html

Sources:

• https://mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2.-Partition-of-Africa-.pdf

• https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa#:~:text=European%20imperialism%20took%20three%20forms%20in%20the%20early,for%20maintaining%20the%20rulers%20and%20chiefs%20in%20power.

• https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/when-did-algeria-declare-independence-from-france.html

• Cons of British imperialism in Egypt:

  • Westernization and loss of culture

  • Education system was neglected

  • Neglected health care system

  • Loss of freedom

  • Egyptians had very little say in government and political choices

  • No firm political system when Britain left

  • Many died during revolts

  • Many Egyptians were exploited for cheap labor

• Many missionaries converted Egypts vast Muslim population to Christianity

• Britain had control of what was taught in school and taught English and Christianity

• Britain mainly focused on the economical, political, and military aspects of Egypt and had no regards for the well beings of the people

• Egyptians protested through several non-violent methods

  • Strikes

  • Started petitions for freedom

  • Made public speeches about restoring freedom

  • Activists spread ideas

  • Boycotted British goods

• British finally declared limited independence on February 28, 1922

Links: https://historystuffweb.wordpress.com/imperialism-in-egypt/#:~:text=Imperialism%20had%20a%20massive%20and,as%20a%20result%20of%20imperialism.

https://www.journeytoegypt.com/en/blog/egypt-map

https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/egyptians-campaign-independence-1919-1922

BY: VAISHNAVI ARCOT

During the mid eighteenth century, India was under an indirect rule under Britain.

• Switched immediately to direct rule after the failed 1857 rebellion in india.

• This rebellion was famously known as the Sepoy Rebellion, because sepoys were forced to bite off animal fat in cartridges of guns, which was against their religions.

• The East India Company (EIC) which was a commercial enterprise and allowed the British to own land and have beneficial relationships with permission from local rulers, was dissolved by the Act of Parliament in 1874 after the mutiny.

• The British Raj, which was a direct imperial rule of india by Britain replaced the indirect rule.

• Indian now was under a sphere of influence under the British rule.

            -  Britain benefited from trade w/ india

            - Forced farmers to grow cash crops which led to deforestation

           - Textiles destroyed India’s hand-weaving industry

• The British Raj, which was a harsh rule of the British crown, changed many cultural aspect in india.

- Stopped Sati (widowed women that jumped into their husband’s cremation fires).

- Child marriage was more strict and limited

- Caste system became more rigid & classified the entire nation into categories.

• The British Raj (direct rule of india) affected India vastly. India’s economy was connected to Britain’s because of their exclusive trade rights with/ India. India was also innovated with the development of railroads and telegraphs to expand communication across the subcontinent. The caste system was introduced and many traditions, like child marriage and Sati was stopped. New economic focuses, like the growth of cash crops in farms, and the textile industry were introduced as Indians were exposed to western culture.

• https://www.mrbelloblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/4.-British-Take-Over-India-.pdf

• https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

• https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/east-india-company-and-raj-1785-1858/#:~:text=End%20of%20Company%20rule&text=The%20Crown%20also%20directly%20appointed,India%20by%20the%20British%20state.

• England was one of the main colonizers of the West Indies area

• Christopher Columbus was the first European explorer to go to the West Indies, sponsored by a charter form the King and Queen of France(1492)

• It was only a century later that the English started taking control(1623-1697) in colonies such as Saint Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Antigua, and Montserrat

• During the 1650, mercantilism was popular with the British and the French

• One of the most popular examples of this was plantation labor

• The Atlantic slave trade provided a way for England to sell sugar and tobacco from plantations in return for more workers for the farms

• The excess amount of workers incited the British to physically go there and rule over the people of the Caribbean, enabling direct rule

• There was a cycle where entrepreneurs would travel to the Caribbean, make money, and retire back to England, giving way for more entrepreneurs on the islands

• This importation of British people combined with workers and slaves created a biracial society which became largely hierarchical, made up of Europeans, indentured workers, and slaves

• Creole societies became one of the firsts to revolt because of a growing independence movement from many inspirational black leaders

• One example of this is the Haitian Revolution, a landmark in history which became the foundation for many other revolutions such as the American Revolution

• Regardless of the negatives, Europeans brought positives such as Christian values, technologies, ideas, plants and animals which helped further trade in the Caribbean

  • Links:https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/eurocla.html

  • Links:https://www.britannica.com/place/West-Indies-island-group-Atlantic-Ocean/Colonialism

• The British Raj was established in 1858, taking control over the subcontinent of India

• The British control over India started to rise in the 17th century when the English India Company acquired territory in North India fro Mughal emperors

• British started to take control over large sections of Indian land in 1757 following the Battle of Plassey

• Following this battle, the East India Company started to function as the military authority in growing sections of India

The Start of Revolts

• With their control over India, the British imposed many cultural changes, including those over religion

• In 1857, the British supplied the soldiers of the British Indian Army with new rifle cartridges, that were rumored to be greased with animal fat

• If these rumors were true, it would mean that Indian soldiers were going against their religion and biting the tips off of animal fat greased cartridges

• This led to the start of the Indian Revolt on May 10, 1857.

• During this revolt, Indians massacred British men, women and children

• In retaliation, the British torched many Indian villages, and killed many unarmed villagers, leading to the rebels surrendering of June 20, 1858

Sources

• https://www.thoughtco.com/the-british-raj-in-india-195275

Link:https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

Sources:

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-belgian-congo-imperialism-genocide-atrocities.html#:~:text=King%20Leopold%20and%20Belgian%20Imperialism,prioritize%20profiting%20from%20the%20Congo

• https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State

• British controlled India through British East India Company, ruled strongly, indirect imperialism method

• 1857: Indian revolt, led by native soldiers called sepoys, incited uprising known as Sepoy Mutiny

• Now switched to direct form of imperialism

• After pressing rebellion, British gov’t made India part of empire (1858)

• East India Company: commercial enterprise, allowed Britain to keep lands+have benefiting relationships w/ permission from local rulers

• East India Company dissolved in 1874 by the Act of Parliament

• Form of imperialism: protectorate, sphere of influence (Britain benefited from Indian trade)British introduced social reforms,

• Advocated education,

• promoted technology

• Britain profited much from India

• Indian masses continued living close to starvation

• British had little respect for native Indian culture

• Mass deforestation as farmers were forced to grow cash crops

• Hand-weaving industry destroyed by textiles

• Tradition of child marriage and sati (custom calling for widow to throw herself on her husband’s funeral fire stopped 

• Railroads and telegraphs expanded communication across india

• Caste system introduced

Sources: 

https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj

https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-british-impact-on-india-1700-1900/

They colonized Nigeria in 1884 after taking power after the Berlin conference.

They wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel.

Nigeria was a protectorate as they took it over with their military. The Nigerians didn’t have a powerful army so they couldn’t protect themselves.

They added transportation and also added a tax system to gain money from the colony.

They exported trade in tin, cotton cocoa, groundnuts.

Slavery was also abolished.

In some places they performed indirect rule and in some they performed direct rule.

The British tried to control the religions of Nigeria by spreading Christianity.

Nigeria gained its independence on October 1st, 1960.

https://u.osu.edu/introhumanitiesonline/2020/02/04/history-of-the-british-takeover-of-nigeria/#:~:text=Nigeria%20is%20a%20country%20in,divides%20Africa%20by%20European%20powers.

• Like many of the places that had already been affected by the imperialist nations, the Philippines were no different. Filipino people did not like the idea of just being a part of the deal that Spain made with the US

• Filipinos tried to lead a resistance by using the guerrilla warfare tactic, but it was to no avail as the US army was too strong. Over 16,000 Filipino soldiers were killed in the warfare, and the civilian casualty count ranged from 200k to a million deaths

• The US took over by force and turned it into a place where they could use outright colonization, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism

• Many native people were sent to reconcentration camps while the Philippine-American war raged

• A senator from Indiana directly used the words “Barbarous race” to describe the Filipinos and many individual imperialists believed that order and civilization, western ideals, should be implemented in order for the Philippines to run independently and the US to pull away from being the colonizers.

• Direct Imperialism is described as having the goal of reaching full assimilation, and president McKinley, the president during this time period, made an order that was called “Benevolent Assimilation”

• People of the Philippines were suspicious at how long the process of western assimilation was taking, and they had reason to believe that the US was prolonging it so that they could exploit the land of it’s natural resources

• The methods of imperialism that the US overtook was direct, and the people of the Philippines were very against the US being there.

SOURCES:

https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/philippines/tl01.html#:~:text=Filipino%20nationalists%20suspected%20the%20United,10%20years%20of%20bitter%20deception.%22

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war#:~:text=The%20ensuing%20Philippine%2DAmerican%20War,violence%2C%20famine%2C%20and%20disease.&text=The%20decision%20by%20U.S.%20policymakers,was%20not%20without%20domestic%20controversy.