-function anaerobically 
- contains hydrogenosomes, produces hydrogen gas as a byproduct

•move with flagella and membrane 
Examples:

• Trichomonas vaginalis :
-causes a sexually-transmitted disease in humans
- employs these mechanisms to transit through the male and female urogenital tracts

​Examples of Rhizarians:​

Composed of:​

• Absence of mitochondria uses alternative ways to gain energy such as :
- fermentative processes (EG: Fermenting of glucose)
- glycolysis
• exist in anaerobic environments
•has two identical nuclei and uses several flagella for locomotion
• Common in stagnant freshwater and animal intestines
Examples:
• Giardia lamblia: a waterborne protist that causes severe diarrhea when consumed

• Possess 2 anterior (close to the head) flagella 

• Possess distinct pellicle (Protein rich membrane) 

• Have chloroplasts but will feed on other organisms in the absence of light

• Most have cell walls containing cellulose, or none at all 

• No specialized tissues, not vascularized. 

• Large variety of body types (single-celled, multicellular, colonial etc.) and reproductive strategies

• Found in aquatic & terrestrial environments

• Some live as endosymbionts (in the body cells of invertebrates or as compound organisms with fungi (lichens) 

• Ecologically important as producers

• Coralline varieties absorb calcium carbonate from the water into their cell walls

• Plays a significant role in the formation, strengthening and repair of coral reefs

• Important indicator species

- Majority are unicellular​

- Inhabits either marine or freshwater environments or in soil ​

- May possess shells and flagella ​

- Some live as parasites or symbionts that can cause disease in humans ​

​

Ophistokonts​
- Vast group of eukaryotes, encompassing animals & fungi ​
- The flagellate cells (EG: sperm cells) move with a single rear flagellum. ​
- However, in some groups, including most of the fungi, flagellate cells have been lost.​
- Able to synthesize extracellular chitin in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae (nutrient absorber for fungi) ​

- Unicellular ​

- Heterotrophic​

- Resemble small snails ​

-  Associated with particles in marine or freshwater habitats. ​

- Indicators of pollution and changes in global weather patterns.​

​

- Unicelleluar​

- Heterotrophic ​

- Possess small shells/skeletons ​

- Mostly found in marine environments​

- Mostly solitary cells that float freely in their environment