Matric Number : 244165

Course: Human Science

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The Qur’an is a book of guidance, teaching us right from wrong. It is a source of healing and a light (nur) that leads to Allah. By reading and following it, we find peace and success in both worlds.

In short, learning with good manners and following the Qur’an brings wisdom and blessings from Allah. We must follow al quran and hadith to become a better muslim. We also need to renewing intention (tajdid niat) before doing something. If our intention is good, insyaallah Allah will make it easier for us to do something.

The five pillars of Islam are:

1. Shahadah (Faith) – Declaring belief in Allah and Prophet Muhammad.

2. Salah (Prayer) – Performing five daily prayers.

3. Zakat (Charity) – Giving a portion of wealth to the poor.

4. Fasting – Fasting in Ramadan.

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage) – Visiting Makkah once if able.

This hadith teaches us the foundation of Islam and how to live as a good Muslim. By following these pillars, we strengthen our faith and connection with Allah.

It also teach us about Adab learning with teacher.

1) we must sit closely to the teacher to show that we are really determinant to learn with them

2) if we have want to ask them a question, we must ask them with lower tone to show them that we are respect them

1. Belief in Allah – Knowing that Allah is the only God, with no partners.

2. Belief in Angels – Believing that angels are created by Allah and carry out His commands.

3. Belief in Holy Books – Accepting that Allah sent books like the Qur'an, Torah, and Gospel as guidance.

4. Belief in Prophets – Believing in all prophets, from Adam to Muhammad (peace be upon them).

5. Belief in the Day of Judgment – Knowing that everyone will be judged for their deeds.

6. Belief in Qadr (Destiny) – Understanding that everything happens by Allah’s will.

These six beliefs help Muslims trust Allah and live a good life. By following them, we stay on the right path and prepare for the Hereafter.

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

"Iman is to believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and to believe in Qadr (divine destiny), both good and bad."
(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 8).

Faith in the Day of Judgment means believing that one day, everyone will be brought back to life and judged for their actions. Those who did good will enter Paradise, and those who did wrong will face punishment. This belief helps Muslims stay on the right path and do good deeds.

Belief in Divine Decree (Qada and Qadar) means trusting that everything happens according to Allah’s plan. Whether good or bad, all things happen for a reason. This belief teaches patience, gratitude, and trust in Allah’s wisdom.

These beliefs help Muslims live with purpose, do good, and stay hopeful in Allah’s mercy and justice.

Eschatology is the belief in life after death. In Islam, this includes the Day of Judgment, where everyone will be judged for their deeds. Good people will go to Paradise, while those who did wrong will face punishment. There will also be events like the resurrection and the weighing of deeds. This belief helps Muslims live a good life, preparing for the Hereafter with faith and good actions.

Both Ihsan and eschatology remind Muslims to be kind, honest, and faithful, knowing that Allah rewards every good deed and that the afterlife is real.

Recomendation for Improvement:

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In Islam, ʿIbādah (worship) is the main purpose of life. Allah created humans to worship Him, which means following His commands and living according to His guidance. This includes both ritual acts like prayer and everyday actions, as long as they are done with the intention to please Allah.

ii. The Importance of Niyyah (Intention)
The value of any action in Islam depends on the intention behind it. If your intention is to please Allah, your action is considered worship, no matter what it looks like. For example, helping someone for the sake of Allah is worship, while helping for personal gain is not.

iii. The Application of ʿIbādah in the Quran and Sunnah

The Quran and Sunnah (the Prophet’s teachings) guide how we perform ʿIbādah. This includes:

• Formal worship: acts like prayer, fasting, and charity.

• Everyday actions: things like working to support your family, being kind to others, or seeking knowledge can all be acts of worship if done with the right intention

"Recite what has been revealed to you of the Book and establish prayer. Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing." (Quran 29:45)

Wisdom (ḥikmah):
Prayer (ṣalāh) is not just a ritual; it acts as a powerful tool for personal purification. Regular prayer helps a person avoid immoral behavior and wrongdoing, reinforcing discipline and consciousness of Allah. The act of standing before Allah five times a day keeps a person grounded in righteousness.

2. Sūrah al-Baqarah (2:183) - Ṣawm (Fasting)

"O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous." (Quran 2:183)

Wisdom (ḥikmah):
Fasting teaches self-control and empathy by denying oneself food, drink, and other physical desires. The goal is to become more God-conscious (taqwa) and develop a sense of compassion for the less fortunate. By fasting, Muslims learn patience and strengthen their relationship with Allah.

3. Sūrah al-Tawbah (9:103) - Zakāh (Charity)

"Take, O Muhammad, from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them increase..." (Quran 9:103)

Wisdom (ḥikmah):
Zakāh purifies wealth and cleanses the heart from greed. It is an obligation to give part of one’s wealth to those in need, ensuring that resources circulate and help those less fortunate. Zakāh also helps the giver by reducing attachment to material wealth and promoting social justice.

4. Sūrah al-Baqarah (2:197) - Ḥajj (Pilgrimage)

"Hajj is [during] well-known months, so whoever has made Hajj obligatory upon himself therein, there is no obscenity and no wickedness and no disputing during Hajj." (Quran 2:197)

Wisdom (ḥikmah):
Hajj is not only a physical journey but also a spiritual one. It is a time for Muslims to renew their devotion to Allah, leave behind worldly distractions, and focus on purity and unity. The pilgrimage promotes peace, patience, and the elimination of negative traits like arrogance and disputes

Khushūʿ refers to a state of humility, focus, and inner tranquility during acts of worship, particularly during Ṣalāh (prayer). It involves being fully present, with a deep sense of awe and submission to Allah. It’s more than just physical movements – it’s about the heart and mind being focused on Allah, free from distractions, and fully immersed in the prayer.

ii. The Attainment of Khushūʿ Before, During, and After Ṣalāh

Before Ṣalāh (Prayer):

• Preparation is key. Before you begin your prayer, you should:

  • Cleanse yourself physically through wudu (ablution).

  • Set your intention (niyyah) to perform the prayer solely for the sake of Allah.

  • Focus your mind and leave behind worldly distractions, reminding yourself of the significance of standing before Allah.

  • Find a quiet space where you can concentrate fully.

During Ṣalāh (Prayer):

• Focus your heart and mind on the words and actions of prayer.

  • Recite with understanding: Focus on the meaning of the Qur'anic verses and supplications you are saying.

  • Concentrate on your body movements: Your posture (standing, bowing, prostrating) should reflect humility and surrender to Allah.

  • Avoid distractions: If your mind wanders, gently bring it back to the prayer. The goal is to feel that you are standing before Allah with full attention.

After Ṣalāh (Prayer):

• Reflect on your prayer: Think about the spiritual benefits and how you can improve your connection with Allah in future prayers.

• Maintain the sense of tranquility: Continue with your day in a state of remembrance (dhikr) and consciousness of Allah.

• Practice gratitude for the opportunity to pray and seek Allah’s mercy.

Virtues Found in Ṣalāh with Khushūʿ

1. Al-Ṭāʿah (Submission/Loyalty)
When you perform Ṣalāh with khushūʿ, you show complete submission and loyalty to Allah. You acknowledge that Allah is the Creator, and you submit your heart, mind, and actions to Him. This deep sense of surrender is at the heart of worship, as you prioritize Allah above everything else.

2. Al-Jihād (Struggle in the Path of Allah)
Khushūʿ in Ṣalāh reflects a personal struggle to focus on Allah despite distractions. This is a form of jihād (struggle), not in the physical sense, but as an internal struggle to purify the heart and maintain sincerity in worship. By striving for khushūʿ, a believer fights against worldly distractions to achieve spiritual growth.

3. Muḥāsabah (Reflection)
Praying with khushūʿ allows you to reflect on your actions and seek self-improvement. After each prayer, you can engage in muḥāsabah (self-accountability), thinking about how you performed the prayer and how to better your relationship with Allah. It encourages you to assess your behavior and correct mistakes, improving spiritually.

4. Iffah (Modesty/Self-Restraint from Sinful Behavior)
When you have khushūʿ in Ṣalāh, you develop iffah (modesty) and self-restraint. You are more mindful of your actions and avoid sinful behavior, knowing that Allah is watching. This helps you develop a greater sense of discipline and awareness, leading you to avoid actions that displease Allah.

5. Tawaḍḍuʿ (Humility/Humbleness)
Khushūʿ cultivates tawaḍḍuʿ (humility) by making you feel small in the presence of Allah. In prayer, you physically and mentally submit, bowing and prostrating, which reminds you of your humble position before your Creator. This humbling act helps to remove pride and arrogance, fostering a spirit of humbleness in all aspects of life.

. The Concept of Ṣawm Based on Tafsir Sūrah al-Baqarah (2:183–187)

In Sūrah al-Baqarah (2:183-187), Allah mentions the significance of Ṣawm (fasting) and provides guidance for its practice. Here are the key points from these verses:

• Purpose of Fasting:
  Allah commands fasting to help believers develop taqwa (God-consciousness). By fasting, you gain control over your desires, learn discipline, and develop a deeper awareness of Allah's presence in your life.

  “O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous.” (Quran 2:183)

• Timing of Fasting:
  Fasting is to be observed during the month of Ramadan, from dawn until sunset. This includes abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs.

• Spiritual Benefits:
  Fasting is an opportunity for spiritual purification. It teaches patience and empathy for the poor and needy. During Ramadan, Muslims also engage in increased worship, prayer, and reflection.

• Exceptions to Fasting:
  Allah provides flexibility for those who are ill, traveling, or facing difficulty. They can make up their fasts later.

  “But if any of you is ill or on a journey, then an equal number of other days.” (Quran 2:184)

• Breaking the Fast:
  Fasting ends at sunset, and Muslims are encouraged to break their fast with dates and water, following the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

  “And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from the black thread of night.” (Quran 2:187)

  
  

ii. The Virtues Found in Ṣawm (Fasting)

Fasting in Ramadan brings many virtues that benefit both the individual and the community. Some of these include:

1. Ṣabr (Patience and Forbearance)
Fasting requires great patience and self-restraint. By abstaining from food, drink, and other pleasures, a person learns to endure hardship for the sake of Allah. This teaches the believer to have patience in times of difficulty and to persevere in doing what is right.

2. Raḥmah (Mutual Cooperation, Empathy, and Sympathy)
Fasting helps to develop raḥmah (mercy and compassion) toward others, particularly the poor and those who are less fortunate. By experiencing hunger and thirst, fasting Muslims can empathize with those who struggle with these hardships daily. This sense of empathy encourages mutual cooperation within the community, fostering kindness and support for those in need.

In summary, Ṣawm (fasting) is not just a physical act of abstaining from food and drink but also a spiritual journey that teaches patience, empathy, and compassion, helping Muslims grow closer to Allah while fostering a sense of unity and care within the community.

i. The Virtues Found in Zakāh/Ṣadaqah

1. Tazkiyyah (Purification of Wealth and Souls)
Zakāh (obligatory charity) and Ṣadaqah (voluntary charity) purify both wealth and the soul. By giving, a person purifies their wealth from greed and attachment to materialism. It also purifies the soul by removing arrogance and selfishness, fostering a spirit of generosity and compassion.

“Take, O Muhammad, from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them increase...” (Quran 9:103)

2. Tawakkul (Reliance on Allah)
When you give Zakāh or Ṣadaqah, you are demonstrating tawakkul—relying on Allah for your provision. Giving charity, especially when you may feel the need for that wealth, shows trust in Allah’s plan, believing that He will provide for you in return.

"And whatever you give for the sake of Allah, He will replace it with something better." (Quran 34:39)

3. Ukhuwwah (Brotherhood)
Zakāh and Ṣadaqah strengthen the bonds of ukhuwwah (brotherhood) within the Muslim community. By helping those in need, you foster a sense of unity and support. Charity encourages a shared responsibility for the well-being of others, making the community stronger and more compassionate.

ii. The Relation Between Brotherhood and Ṣadaqah – Sūrah al-Zalzalah (99:7-8)

In Sūrah al-Zalzalah (99:7-8), Allah speaks about the final Day of Judgment, where every action will be weighed. This verse emphasizes the importance of good deeds, which includes Ṣadaqah and charity, as they are a means of establishing brotherhood:

“So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it.” (Quran 99:7-8)

• Brotherhood in Islam encourages mutual support and responsibility. When Muslims give charity, they contribute to the well-being of others, fostering a sense of unity and compassion within the community.

• By performing Ṣadaqah, you help ensure the welfare of your brothers and sisters in faith, promoting a strong and caring society.

  
  

In conclusion, Zakāh and Ṣadaqah are not just acts of charity but powerful tools that purify wealth, cultivate trust in Allah, and strengthen the bonds of brotherhood. They remind us that caring for others is essential to the growth of the entire community.

i. The Relation Between Taḍḥiyyah (Sacrifice) and Ḥajj

Taḍḥiyyah (sacrifice) and Ḥajj are deeply connected in Islam. The act of sacrifice, particularly during the festival of Eid al-Adha, is linked to the story of Ibrahim (Abraham), who was willing to sacrifice his son Ismail (Ishmael) in obedience to Allah. Allah spared Ismail and replaced him with a ram to be sacrificed instead.

During Ḥajj, Muslims commemorate this act of sacrifice by offering a Qurbani (sacrifice) of an animal (sheep, goat, cow, or camel) after performing specific rituals. This sacrifice represents obedience to Allah and an act of devotion.

• Connection: The sacrifice during Ḥajj symbolizes submitting to Allah’s will, just like Ibrahim did. It teaches humility, gratitude, and obedience. Muslims sacrifice an animal, sharing its meat with the needy, as a reminder of Allah's mercy and the importance of selflessness.

  
  

ii. The Way to Gain Taqwa from Ḥajj

Taqwa refers to God-consciousness or being mindful of Allah in all actions. Ḥajj is a transformative experience meant to increase a Muslim’s taqwa in several ways:

1. Purification of the Heart and Soul:
   The rituals of Ḥajj, such as the Tawāf (circumambulation of the Kaaba), Sa'i (walking between Safa and Marwah), and standing at Arafat, are opportunities to cleanse oneself of sins and renew one's dedication to Allah. Through repentance and supplication, a pilgrim strengthens their connection with Allah, gaining a heightened sense of awareness and taqwa.

2. Submission to Allah:
   The entire journey of Ḥajj is about submitting to Allah’s commands, just like Ibrahim’s act of sacrifice. The physical acts—like wearing simple clothing (Ihram), fasting, and praying—demonstrate a believer’s willingness to leave behind worldly attachments and focus solely on Allah. This strengthens taqwa, as the believer becomes more aware of their dependence on Allah.

3. Remembrance of Allah:
   During Ḥajj, pilgrims engage in continuous dhikr (remembrance of Allah), prayer, and supplication. This practice of remembrance helps purify the heart and enhances the consciousness of Allah, fostering taqwa.

4. Sense of Equality and Brotherhood:
   The experience of standing in Arafat with fellow Muslims from around the world fosters a sense of humility and equality. Pilgrims are reminded of the Day of Judgment, where all people will stand equally before Allah. This realization deepens taqwa by reminding the believer of their ultimate accountability to Allah.

   
   

In conclusion, Ḥajj serves as a powerful means of increasing taqwa through worship, reflection, and submission to Allah’s will, while the act of Taḍḥiyyah (sacrifice) reinforces the lessons of obedience, selflessness, and humility.

For the improvement, I hope this program can keep on providing myriad interesting facts about our religion so we will be more interested to learn. Thank you for giving me such an opportunity to join this program.