https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc en-us 2023-02-14 17:08:45 UTC 2023-02-14 18:55:48 UTC hello@padlet.com ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482308334 The ANS is has two subdivisions. The sympathetic and parasympathetic system. The sympathetic system is known as the adrenergic system, and the parasympathetic system is known as the cholinergic system ]]> 2023-02-14 17:17:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482308334 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482322519 The sympathetic system uses two neurotransmitters, acetylcholine the pre-ganglion and norepinephrine at the end of the post ganglion. Meanwhile the parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine at the pre-ganglion and post-ganglion.]]> 2023-02-14 17:26:29 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482322519 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482340277 The sympathetic adrenergic fiber releases acetylcholine at the pre-ganglionic synapse. Further, the norepinephrine is release at the post-ganglionic nerve fiber ending. 

However, the parasympathetic pre-ganglion and post-ganglion release acetylcholine.]]> 2023-02-14 17:38:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482340277 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482351669 The sympathetic division contains nicotinic 1 receptors at the ganglion. Next, the adrenergic receptors are found at the end of the post-sympathetic ganglion. 

The sympathetic adrenergic system has four receptors. The alpha receptors are located on glands, smooth muscles, blood vessels and eyes. Beta 1 receptors are found on the heart. Beta 2 receptors are found on smooth muscles, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries.

The parasympathetic division contains nicotinic 1 receptors at the pre-ganglion synapse. Cholinergic receptors are found at the end of parasympathetic post-ganglion.

The parasympathetic system has three receptors. The cholinergic receptors are found on smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle. Nicotinic 1 receptors are found at the ganglia. Nicotinic 2 receptors are found at the end of somatic neuromuscular junctions.


]]> 2023-02-14 17:45:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482351669 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482397812 Let's start with the sympathetic system. First the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Next the smooth muscle in the blood vessels constrict, known as vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure. Followed with increased contraction, conduction, and heart rate. GI functions are decreased. The eye muscle dilates which is known as mydriasis. bronchodilation occurs for more oxygen exchange. The urinary bladder muscle relaxes while the urinary sphincter constricts. These actions occur due to the release of neurotransmitter norepinephrine released at the post-ganglion.

Parasympathetic system is known as rest and digest so the organs stimulated are the GI tract, increased motility and secretions. The heart functions reduce, i.e. conduction, heart rate and contraction. The eye muscle constricts, the respiratory tract slightly constricts. The urinary bladder contracts and urinary sphincter relaxes due to the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the post-ganglion.]]> 2023-02-14 18:17:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482397812 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482436827 The sympathetic system has alpha-1, adrenergic, beta adrenergic and beta blockers. The alpha-1 drugs stimulate the alpha-1 receptors, which results in vasoconstriction due to smooth muscle constriction. This is useful for increasing blood pressure, promoting better blood profusion, and nasal decongestion. 

The adrenergic drugs stimulate the alpha and beta receptors. Which induces cardiac stimulation, bronchostimulation, and vasoconstriction. This is useful for increasing blood pressure and heart functions. 

Beta adrenergic drugs depending on the dose effects the kidneys blood flow due to vasoconstriction, heart function increase, and blood vessels constrict due to vasoconstriction. 

This is useful for shock, increasing heart rate function, and blood pressure. 

Beta blockers response opposite of beta adrenergic drugs.
Heart function decreases on three parameters, i.e. conduction, heart rate, and contraction force. 

The parasympathetic drugs have three classes. Direct acting, indirect acting, and anti-cholinergic.

The direct acting cholinergic drugs bind/stimulate the muscarinic receptors on the GI and bladder. This is useful for preventing constipation and bladder retention. 

The indirect acting cholinergic drugs inhibit the release of cholinesterase therefor increasing the concentration of acetylcholine. This is useful for individuals who having trouble with bowel movements and urination. Indirect cholinergic drugs are good anticholinergic antidotes. 

The goal of anticholinergics is to bind and block the cholinergic receptors. The goal is compete with other drugs]]> 2023-02-14 18:44:23 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482436827 ndubuisihiphop https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482451716 Alpha adrenergic drugs are phenylephrine and ephedrine
The only adrenergic agonist drug is epinephrine 
The alpha-1 adrenergic blockers are prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin.

The only beta-1 adrenergic drug is dobutamine.

Beta-2 adrenergic drugs are albuterol, formoterol, turbutaline, salmeterol.

Beta blockers are atenolol and metoprolol which are non-selective. The non-selective beta blockers are timolol, propanolol, and nadolol.

The direct acting cholinergic drugs are Acetylcholine, pilocarpine and bethanechol.

The indirect acting cholinergic drug is neostigmine

The anticholinergic drugs are atropine, dicyclomine, and ipratropium bromide.]]> 2023-02-14 18:55:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ndubuisihiphop/ajo95bfd5yv1ziuc/wish/2482451716