Opto assignment by Ghayathri Sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn Made with a stroke of good luck en-us 2017-09-14 10:56:29 UTC 2017-09-17 18:06:19 UTC hello@padlet.com ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820003 Issues we might face for using undersea cable connection 
1)lost of transmission
2)human error
3)natural disaster
4)lack of redundancy
5)sea creatures]]> 2017-08-25 14:59:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820003 LOSS OF TRANSMISSION ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820501 Loss of transmission can occur when the power and amplification of signal is not adequate to drive the signal throughout the link .
practical solution to effectively send a signal across the ocean without degeneration is to more effectively repeat it so that it travels further without increasing cost ]]> 2017-08-25 15:01:20 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820501 HUMAN ERROR ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820596 During fishing and shipping activities .Errant anchor disrupt submarine cables.Incidents caused major telecommunications outages in at least nine countries. This can be prevented if people working offshore would be more alert towards their surroundings and use proper equipment such as a sensitive light-beam mirror galvanometer to detect the presents of optical fibers before dropping their anchors ]]> 2017-08-25 15:01:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182820596 NATURAL DISASTER ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182821185 Natural disasters such as mudslides and typhoons are threat to undersea fiber.ideal solution for this is to produce larger wavelength cables and install cables a little deeper.

]]> 2017-08-25 15:03:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182821185 LACK OF REDUNDANCY ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182821653 Network architectures use redundant bidirectional links between stations, like roadways and water distribution systems to prevent loss of use in the event that the signal from a link or station is lost. It will loop traffic through operational parts of the ring when the shortest link is disrupted. To solve this problem, links has to be identified and labelled by each of the providers. ]]> 2017-08-25 15:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182821653 SEA CREATURES ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182822053 shark bites penetrates the cable insulation thus allowing the power conductor to ground with seawater. This can be resolved by building a Kevlar-like protective layer to fend off toothy sea creatures]]> 2017-08-25 15:06:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182822053 ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182823161 Distance from PJ to Seoul is 4618km.
Data rate of 50 Gbps and a bit error rate less than 10-9 .
Undersea cabling which will passes through the South China Sea East China Sea and the Philippine Sea  needs to withstand water pressure.(Submarine Line Weight (LW) and galvanized steel wire armor).provide maximum protection from mechanical factor and withstand higher stress such as the water depth pressure 
Fiber attenuation is 0.175db/km]]> 2017-08-25 15:10:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/182823161 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163583 The minimum length of the design should be 5500km while the data rate should be 50Gbps. Other than that, the link margin of the design must be 8dB and the bit-error rate is 10^-9.
 ]]> 2017-09-16 17:14:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163583 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163648 Fiber optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.]]> 2017-09-16 17:16:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163648 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163685 The most commonly used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes. ]]> 2017-09-16 17:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163685 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163716 The semiconductor laser (LD) is used in this as it is more ideal to a long distance communication link ]]> 2017-09-16 17:17:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163716 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163739 Since, the total distance covered in this design is more than 5500km, the long haul optical communication will be discussed. ]]> 2017-09-16 17:18:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188163739 Repeaters: http://www.nec.com/en/global/techrep/journal/g10/n01/pdf/100104.pdf ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188198590 2017-09-17 07:15:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188198590 Repeaters instead of EDFA. The reason why we use repeaters instead of amplifiers is due to minimizing the error or noise received in the receiver transmission. Repeaters act as a printer which copies the same exact input data for its output ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188234943   ]]> 2017-09-17 15:13:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188234943 wires interstices are filled with bitumen for fully water blocked cable and also having high-density polyethylene act as a high resistance against Black UV so that the cable will be prone from degradation, thus minimizing the cost of cable replacement ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237115 2017-09-17 15:34:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237115 single-mode fiber optic cable length is 5500 km per intervals which will be connected to a repeater on both end side. ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237269 2017-09-17 15:35:50 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237269 Power Budget ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237310 the total loss in the transmission system must not be more than the difference in output power in the light source (Ps, dB) and minimum threshold to the detectable optical power due to noise consideration (Pr, dB).  
Suggested Source Power= -4.6dB 
Received Power= -61.2dB]]> 2017-09-17 15:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188237310 Usage of cable ship René Descartes for installation. ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188242106 To ensure the cable is placed in the correct spot, the René Descartes uses a differential GPS (DGPS) system, which offers greater accuracy than standard GPS, as well as a dynamic positioning (DP) system to make sure it’s within a few meters of the plotted route.
Computer system on the bridge that’s still running Windows XP helps engineers operate the massive plow and robot submersible that are required to lay the cable in shallower waters. ]]> 2017-09-17 16:23:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188242106 Environmental Concerns ghayathri_sivalingam https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188242215 Cables used in the operation is immune to corrosion and is a steel hawser for the sake of lowering the risk of damage .
If there is an obstruction while laying the line, a length of line could possibly be recovered and re-laid on a separate route diverting to avoid the blockage; another way the operation will be suspended until the obstruction is removed ]]> 2017-09-17 16:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188242215 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248608 The fiber used in this assignment was the Submarine Light Weight (LW) optical fiber from CCSI (Communication Cable Systems Indonesia). 

]]> 2017-09-17 17:33:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248608 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248657 Laser is used for this design because it is more suitable for long distance communication at a high data rate. ]]> 2017-09-17 17:34:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248657 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248909 The distance between Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia and Seoul, Korea is 4618km. ]]> 2017-09-17 17:36:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248909 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248937 Operating Wavelength, (λ) => 1550nm

Minimum Transmitted Power, PS => -3.6dB

Minimum Received Power, PR => -40.1dB

]]> 2017-09-17 17:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188248937 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249047 Connector from Optical Fiber to Detector or Receiver => 1 unit

Connector from Optical Source to Optical Fibre => 1 unit

]]> 2017-09-17 17:38:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249047 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249257 The type of fiber to be used in our transmission link is OS2 single mode cable. This is because the length of our link is 4618km which can be considered long. ]]> 2017-09-17 17:40:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249257 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249306 Since optical signals are limited to between 100km to 400km because of signal loss, repeaters are used to regenerate the light wave during the long ocean trip.]]> 2017-09-17 17:41:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249306 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249379 The repeater used in this design is the Optical Submarine Repeater. ]]> 2017-09-17 17:41:46 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249379 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249431 The connectors used in this design is from Panduit and it will have 0.2dB loss.]]> 2017-09-17 17:42:15 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249431 Long-Haul Fiber OpticCommunicationsSystems narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249473 http://www.olson-technology.com/AppNotes/long-haul-communications-systems.pdf]]> 2017-09-17 17:42:47 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249473 LASER/FIBER-OPTICCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249516 http://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Lights/-%20Laser/Info-999-LaserCourse/C00-M08-Laser-FiberOptic-CommunicationSystems/module8.htm]]> 2017-09-17 17:43:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249516 narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249721 The transmitter chosen is the 1000BASE-ZX as the receive power is within range of the assumed value (-4.6dBm) and also the supported wavelength (1550nm) is also within its range. ]]> 2017-09-17 17:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249721 Power Budget narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249898 P = PS – PR
P = LS + LD + NLj + aLF + PSM ]]> 2017-09-17 17:46:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188249898 Optical power budget in a fiber-optic communication link narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250171 http://www.dipolnet.com/optical_power_budget_in_a_fiber-optic_communication_link_bib320.htm]]> 2017-09-17 17:49:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250171 Power Budget And Loss Budget narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250337 http://www.thefoa.org/tech/lossbudg.htm]]> 2017-09-17 17:51:41 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250337 BANDWIDTH BUDGET narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250396 The transmission cable of a fibre optic communication system is limited by the rise time of the various components, such as LEDs, and the dispersion of the fiber. 

]]> 2017-09-17 17:52:31 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188250396 Optical Fibre CommunicationSystems narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251163 http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/teaching/fibre/pp/system-l8.pdf]]> 2017-09-17 18:00:34 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251163 Calculating Power Budget and Power Margin for Fiber-Optic Cables narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251654 https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/release-independent/junos/topics/task/installation/fiber-optic-cable-budget-margin-calculating.html]]> 2017-09-17 18:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251654 Fibre Optic Link Budget. narenrajdurairaju https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251728 https://www.vialite.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ViaLite-Application-Note-Fiber-Optic-Link-Budget.pdf]]> 2017-09-17 18:06:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ghayathri_sivalingam/aj2xdab5xefn/wish/188251728